The dog health is a well-studied area in veterinary medicine.
Infectious diseases that attack dogs are important not only from the vet's point of view, but also because of risks to public health; An example of this is rabies. Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often because of selective breeding to produce offspring of individual dogs. Due to the popularity of commercial and homemade dog food, nutrition is also a highly studied subject.
Video Dog health
Disease
Some other diseases and health problems are common to humans and dogs; others are unique to dogs and other animals. Dogs are prone to various diseases; similar to humans, they can have diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, or arthritis.
Breed Diseases
Dogs are vulnerable to a number of diseases that affect them and at the same time their owners. Pet pain is one of the most painful pictures to look at. There are certain ways, in which these diseases can be minimized and the pain that the breed passes through is reduced. One of the best ways to do this is to get initial knowledge about the disease, recognize the symptoms early so that treatment can be started early that can save the offspring from many problems. Effective weight management and a balanced diet are also helpful in preventing disease. Some of the diseases to watch out for are listed below-
1- Canine Distemper - Canine distemper is a viral infection that does not carry it, the cure. Its contagious and can be very dangerous for specie. This virus attacks young puppies and has not been vaccinated. Old dogs that are not vaccinated are also susceptible to this disease. The virus is contagious and can be spread by air or infected equipment in the breed. Generally contact with infected animals also leads to the spread of the disease. The infection starts from the lymph nodes and spreads to the respiratory organs proliferating. The initial symptoms of the disease are high temperature, cough, and wheezing, red eyes. The dog will look very tired and tired. In the next stage the dog's nervous system will be affected, there can be a match, seizures, etc. This disease can cause death as well, generally within the period between 2-5 weeks of viral infection. Breeds that are vaccinated are generally prevented from this outbreak. A combination of Biochemical tests and Urine tests is performed to diagnose the disease.
2- Batnel Cough - The initial symptom of Kennel cough is an endless cough and a sound that the dog may be choking on something. Kennel cough is not a life threatening disease but it can be very painful to breed. It can be treated and several times the animals recover without medication. There are several reasons why your breed can be affected by a kennel cough, but the most common reason is the presence of a bacterium called Bordetella bronchiseptica. Generally, the inhalation of these bacteria causes infection in the throat of the breed causing inflation. There are several dominant causes in making offspring prone to coughing. Their kennels are cold temperatures, stresses caused by traveling too much, crowded places and inhaling cigarettes and other types of smoke. Generally, dogs suffering from cough Cough has a suitable cough and likes but will not experience a decrease in energy levels or anything like that. This condition is contagious and can spread from one bloodline to another, It is important to keep other pets away from one suffering from Kennel cough. This one is not treatment but pneumonia can occur after kennel cough so regular monitoring should be done from breeding suffering from Kennel cough.
3- Canine Corona Virus - Corona Virus is a type of intestinal infection that attacks breeds around the world. This disease when standing alone is not harmful to pets but in case it does occur with other bowel problems, it can prove to be fatal for the specie if not treated properly. In case of an adult dog, the symptoms may appear to be absent. In the case of other younger puppies there are some obvious symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and in later stages anorexia and depression also exist. There is a lot of dehydration as well when the virus is attacking. In small puppies if there is severe infection in the intestine, it can also cause death. The cause of this agent is called Canine Corona virus that may be from an infected specie. Other causes of this infection are dogs that are in crowded places, unhealthy conditions and stress due to over-intensive training. Generally some tests are performed to determine the cause of this infection and be treated therefrom. There are vaccines available that can help prevent the specie from contracting this disease but other than that the owner should check regularly for fleeces on specie.
4- Canine Parvo Virus - Parvo is one of the diseases that dog owners need to pay attention especially to young puppies. It is a gastro intestinal disease that if not treated properly can be fatal to the dog. The virus is spreading very rapidly in the dog population, it is contagious and spreads through the fur or through contact with someone carrying the disease. Young puppies aged between six to eight weeks are most susceptible to the disease especially if they have not been vaccinated. It's important to get vaccinated against this virus because they can prove to be very dangerous. There are certain symptoms that indicate in dogs that suggest Parvo Virus - these are diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, fever, weight loss, vomiting etc. If the dog suffers from any of these, the veterinarian should be consulted immediately and steps should be taken against the care of the dog. If the dog is diagnosed with Canine Parvo Virus, this breed will require intensive care with hospitalization in the breed. It is important that these breeds are diagnosed with this at an early stage before the infection has the capacity to get worse.
5- Hip Dysplasia - This is a condition where there is a deformity in the hip joints of the specie, generally affecting larger breeds. In this case the body of the femur may not fit into the hip socket. It is a genetic condition mostly and very common in Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, Labs, Rottweiler's etc. This can also happen because of excess weight, poor diet and lack of exercise. There are certain symptoms of this condition including an unbalanced walking style, difficulty in standing and running, etc.
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animals or protozoa). Most of these diseases spread directly from dog to dog, while others require vectors such as lice or mosquitoes. Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonotic (transmitted to humans).
Virus
Virus diseases in dogs can be serious, especially in cages. Timely vaccination can reduce the risk and severity of the infection. The most commonly recommended viruses for vaccinating dogs are:
- Rabies
- CDV (canine distemper)
- CAV-2 (dog hepatitis virus or adenovirus-2)
- CPV-2 (canine parvovirus)
Cough cough
Kennel cough is a respiratory tract infection that can be easily transmitted from one dog to another. Symptoms include a runny nose and loss of appetite. This disease can be prevented by vaccination.
Other canine viruses from records include herpesviruses and influenza.
- Canine herpesvirus
- Canine influenza
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases in dogs are not normally transmitted from dog to dog; instead they are usually the result of wound colonization, secondary opportunistic infections against decreased resistance (often the result of viral infection), or secondary to other conditions (secondary pyoderma for skin allergies or secondary pyomethas for cystic endometrial hyperplasia). These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not meet Koch postulates - eg Staphylococcus intermedius , bacteria that are usually isolated from skin infections in dogs, will not cause pyoderma when introduced to healthy dogs. Most likely the type of bacteria already exists on healthy dog ​​skin.
There are some bacteria that are transmitted from dog to dog. The most important of these is Bordetella bronchiseptica, one of the causes of the kennel cough, Spira, which causes leptospirosis, and Brucella canis, causing brucellosis in dog. There are also commonly transmitted bacterial diseases, including Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus leptospira . Humans and dogs are infected by contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This can occur by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with the mucosal surface, such as the eyes or nose, or with a ruptured skin. In dogs, transmission occurs most often by drinking puddles, ponds, or water ditches contaminated by urine from infected wildlife such as squirrels or raccoons. The liver and kidneys are most often damaged by leptospirosis. Vasculitis may occur, causing disseminated intravascular edema and coagulation (DIC). Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, and uveitis are also likely residual symptoms.
Brucellosis in dogs is caused by Brucella canis . It is a sexually transmitted disease, but it can also spread through contact with an aborted fetus. The most common signs are abortion during the last trimester or stillbirth. Other symptoms include inflammation of the intervertebral and eye discs (uveitis), and inflammation of the testes (orchitis) and prostate (prostatitis) in men.
Lice-borne diseases usually occur in dogs. Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and is spread by Ixodes pacificus on the west coast of the United States and by scapularis (deer tick) across the US Other signs and symptoms include fever, swelling and joint pain, limp, and swollen lymph nodes. It has been diagnosed in dogs in all 48 continental US states of Ehrlichia canis, causing canine ehrlichiosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, both spread by American dog fleas , Dermacentor variabilis , and a brown dog, Rhipicephalus sanguineous .
Mushroom diseases
One of the most common fungal diseases in dogs is ringworm, or dermatophytosis, infection of the skin, hair, or nails. There are three types of fungi that cause ringworm in dogs. About 70 percent of infections are caused by microsporum canis, 20 percent by M. gypseum and 10 percent by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Signs include hair loss and skin scales. Treatment for local ringworm is not always necessary because the disease can heal itself, but the clinical path can be shortened by using topical miconazole or clotrimazole. Common infections, most commonly seen in dogs with impaired immune systems, may be treated with oral antifungal drugs such as griseofulvin or itraconazole. Infection can spread to humans.
There are several fungal diseases that are systemic, which means they affect some body systems. Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis , is a fungal disease that attacks dogs and humans, although rarely zoonotic. It is found mainly in the United States in the Mississippi and Great Lakes River regions. It has also been reported in four Canadian provinces; Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, thinning of skin lesions, eye inflammation with whiteness, blindness, and inequality. Because dogs are ten times more likely to be infected from the environment than humans, they are considered to be the guardians of the disease. Treatment requires a minimum of 60-90 days of oral antifungal treatment or in severe cases of intravenous antifungal injection.
Histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum , is a disease with worldwide distribution. In the United States it is mainly found in areas of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, most often in bird droppings and bats. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Coccidioidomycosis, caused by Coccidioides immitis , is found in dry and semi-arid regions of Central and South America, Mexico, and the southwestern United States. Signs include weight loss, fever, cough, enlarged lymph nodes, and lameness.
Parasites
Animal parasitology studies internal and external parasites in animals. External parasites, such as lice, mites, lice and mosquitoes can cause skin irritation and often become carriers of other diseases or internal parasites.
External parasites
- Lice and ticks of various species can be obtained and taken home by dogs, where they can breed and attack humans (and vice versa). Both parasites are very important to note, now tick-borne Lyme disease has become endemic throughout the vast area, in addition to other similar diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Although dogs appear to be less susceptible to diseases such as humans, similar ricketty diseases have been spread by dogs to humans through mechanisms such as a dog that kills infected rabbits, then shakes itself at home close enough to the owner to fatal. infecting most families.
- Various mites cause skin problems such as scabies.
- Mosquito
Internal parasites
- Parasites, especially intestinal worms such as hookworms, tapeworms and roundworms, can be transmitted in dog feces. Some tapeworms have fleas as intermediary hosts: worm eggs must be consumed by lice to hatch, infected lice must be ingested (usually by dogs when tidied up, but sometimes by humans through various means) for adult worms to build themselves in the intestine. The worm egg then passes through the intestine and attaches to the lower area of ​​the dog, and the cycle begins again.
- Intestinal worms cause various degrees of discomfort.
- Heartworm is a dog's parasitoid. Difficult to eliminate and can be fatal; prevention, however, is easily achieved by using drugs.
- As the name suggests, infected mosquitoes inject larvae into the dog's skin, where it migrates into the circulatory system and takes up residence in the pulmonary and cardiac arteries, growing and reproducing to alarming levels. The effect on the dog is quite predictable, heart failure for one or two years, which causes death. Treatment of infected dogs is difficult, which involves the attempt of poisoning healthy worms with arsenic compounds without killing weak dogs, and often unsuccessfully. Prevention is much better, through heartworm prophylaxis containing compounds that kill the larvae immediately after infection without damaging the dog. Often they are available in combination with other parasitic prevention.
- Hidatidosis is caused by the Echinococcus cestode. This is usually noticed among dogs, stray dogs, foxes, etc. Because of its importance as a zoonosis, these worms are important to treat. Preventing hydatidosis is an easier task than treating the same. Anthelmintics such as praziquantel can help prevent this condition. The prohibition of feeding dogs with raw offal may be the best precaution against this tapeworm.
Genetic Diseases
Genetic conditions are a problem in some dogs, especially purebreeds. For this reason many national kennel clubs require dogs with certain genetic diseases or those considered to be carriers not to be registered. Some of the most common conditions include hip dysplasia, seen in large dogs, von Willebrand disease, diseases affecting platelets inherited to Doberman Pinschers, entropion, eyelid curling seen at Shar Peis and many other breeds, progressive atrophy of the retina, inherited to many breeds, deaf and epilepsy, are known to be inherited in the Belgian Shepherd Dog, German Shepherd Dog, Cocker Spaniels, and St. Bernards.
Subaortic stenosis, or SAS, is a genetic disease that causes narrowing of the blood path between the heart and the aorta. This leads to heart problems and sometimes sudden death. It affects the larger offspring such as the Newfoundland Dog and the Golden Retriever. In some dogs, like collies, blue merle or harlequin coloring is actually a heterozygote of a partially recessive gene that prevents the proper development of the nervous system; therefore, if the two dogs are mated, on average a quarter of puppies will have severe genetic defects in their nervous system and sense organs ranging from deafness to fatal defects.
Skin diseases
Skin diseases are very common in dogs. Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs. Other allergy-related skin diseases include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergies, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis. Canine follicular dysplasia is a congenital disorder of the hair follicle that causes alopecia (baldness). Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by mites. Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems such as alopecia or recurrent bacterial infections. Another class of covering diseases is hygromas, swelling usually at or near the elbow joint. Nutrition can also play a role in skin diseases, because certain nutritional deficiencies can cause scaling, redness, oiling, balding, and/or itching of the skin. (See skin disorders of dogs for certain nutrients that affect the skin)
The physical elements of a particular dog breed also affect the individual's susceptibility to skin problems, such as wrinkled skin or excess skin folds. For example, skin fold dermatitis is a more common skin infection in breeds such as bulldog, cocker spaniel, and English Springer spaniel.
orthopedic disease
Orthopedic disease in dogs can be developmental, hereditary, traumatic, or degenerative. Due to the active nature of dogs, injuries are common. One of the most common is an anterior ligament injury, a condition that often requires surgery. Bone fractures often occur in outer dogs due to trauma from being hit by a car. Degenerative joint disease is common in older dogs and is one of the most likely reasons for prescribing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Hereditary orthopedic disease is primarily found in racial dogs. Hip dysplasia is a common problem that mainly attacks large breeds. Hip dysplasia is a defect in the shape of the hip joint which can, depending on the level of hip attachment, is quite painful for the dog at age. Over time often cause arthritis in the hips. Dysplasia can also occur in the elbow joint. Longing a patella can be a problem for smaller offspring. May cause lameness and pain in the back legs.
Developmental orthopedic disease includes panosteitis and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. Panosteitis occurs in large dogs and large dog breeds are usually between the ages of five and fourteen months and manifest as fever, pain, and limp limbs that change. Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy is also seen in large young dogs and large dog breeds and is characterized by pain, lameness, fever, and swelling of metaphysis of long bones.
Tumors and cancers
Benign and malignant tumors are seen in dogs. Common benign tumors include lipoma, non-viral papilloma, sebaceous gland adenoma, and perianal gland adenoma.
Commonly seen cancers include lymphoma, melanoma, mast cell tumors (which are considered potentially malignant, though they may have benign behavior), and osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
Certain breeds are more likely to develop certain tumors, especially larger ones. Golden Retrievers are highly susceptible to lymphoma, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8. Boxers and Pugs are prone to multiple mast cell tumors. Scottish Terriers have an eighteen-fold risk of race dogs to develop transitional cell carcinoma, a type of bladder cancer.
Gastrointestinal disease
Due to the indiscriminate nature of the dog's appetite, gastrointestinal disorders often occur in dogs. The most common symptoms are anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. Intake of a foreign body can cause acute obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, a very dangerous condition. Acute pancreatitis can also occur due to dietary addiction.
Torque bloat and hull
Volvulus stomach dilation, or gastric and bloated torque, mainly affects offspring with narrow breasts, such as Great Danes, St. Bernards, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles, and Irish Setters. The belly spins on its supporting ligament, closes the exit door, and its contents begin to produce very painful gas pressure and rapidly cause shock and necrosis of large areas of abdominal tissue. This can be fatal within hours. Dogs that have experienced bloat are very susceptible to recurrence. Treatment involves stabilization and abdominal surgery to ward off the dog's stomach to prevent recurrence (gastrophage).
Eye disease
Eye disease often occurs in dogs. Cataracts, dog glaucoma, and entropion are seen in dogs. Canine-specific eye disease includes progressive retinal atrophy, Collie eye anomaly, suddenly acquired retinal depression, and cherry eye. Eye injuries can cause corneal ulcers.
The frequency of bilateral glaucoma with a genetic basis in breed dog is higher than in any species except humans. Cataracts in dogs also have a genetic base or can also be caused by diabetes. Nuclear sclerosis resembles cataracts but is actually a change associated with normal age.
Vestibular disease
Signs of vestibular disease include head tilt, circling, nystagmus (abnormal movement of the eye), and difficulty or inability to stand. These clinical signs are similar to those seen in humans with vertigo. Vestibular disease may have many causes. Old dogs are susceptible to idiopathic disease (the cause of unknown causes) of vestibular disease commonly called "old dog vestibular disease" or idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease. The signs can improve quickly or take several days. Less commonly, vestibular signs can also be caused by inner ear diseases, brain tumors, strokes, or other causes. The main risk with idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is that dogs often can not eat, drink, or go out to urinate or defecate. These cases should receive supportive therapy fluids and intravenous nutrition; Soft sedative drugs are sometimes given, because dogs may be very stressed with experience.
Heart disease
Older and smaller dogs tend to experience congestive heart failure due to mitral valve degeneration. This condition is known to be inherited in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Degenerative valve disease is the most common form of heart disease in dogs. Mitral insufficiency leads to turbulent blood flow and increased pressure in the left atrium. This causes increased pressure in the pulmonary vasculature and pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid in the lungs). A decrease in blood output by the left ventricle causes the body to compensate by increasing sympathetic tones and activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system. Increased sympathetic tone causes increased peripheral vascular resistance and increases heart rate and cardiac muscle contractility. Chronic height of sympathetic tones damages the heart muscle. Activation of RAAS results in increased water and sodium retention by the kidneys, vasoconstriction, and other effects resulting in an increase in blood volume. It also results in an increase in diastolic pressure and leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment for congestive heart failure has historically focused on two types of drugs that address this problem: diuretics (especially furosemide), which decreases blood volume, and ACE inhibitors, which interfere with RAAS. More recently, pimobendan - which increases the strength at which the heart muscle contracts, and is also a vasodilator - is being used more and more in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. A major veterinary study, called the QUEST study of life and Extension of Survival Time, published in September 2008 found that dogs with congestive heart failure receiving pimobendan plus furosemide had much better survival outcomes than those receiving benazepril (ACE inhibitor) plus furosemide. However, ACE and pimobendan inhibitors have different mechanisms of action, and many cardiologists recommend that they be used simultaneously. In the last decade, new surgical techniques have been developed to repair mitral valves that replace or strengthen the mitral valve chord with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses and tighten the mitral valve ring to reduce or eliminate regurgitation.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is also seen in dogs and associated with large breeds (the exception being Cocker Spaniels, medium-sized breeds). Dilated cardiomyopathy seen in Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, St. Bernards, Dobermans, Boxers, and other great breeds. Doberman, in addition to heart muscle failure, is susceptible to ventricular arrhythmias. Boxer dogs tend to a unique cardiomyopathy with clinical and histologic changes analogous to the right ventricular human arithmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This disease has been called "Cardiomyopathy Boxer" or "Boxer ARVC", and is characterized by the development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The affected dog is at risk for syncope and sudden cardiac death. Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure are rare manifestations of this disease.
Diseases and other psychological problems
Other diseases that attack dogs include endocrine diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and reproductive diseases. Diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and hypothyroidism are the most common endocrine diseases. Immune-mediated immune hemolytic anemia is a devastating disease that causes severe anemia in dogs through destruction by the immune system. It has been linked to vaccinations and certain drugs, although many cases are idiopathic. The same but less severe immune diseases are immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, which is characterized by platelet destruction by the immune system. Clinical signs include bruises and petechiae (pinpoint bruises, often seen in the mouth). Common reproductive diseases include pyometra (uterine distension with pus), mammary tumor, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Psychological anxiety affects dogs including noise phobia and separation anxiety.
Maps Dog health
Toxic substances
Some common sources of toxins that pets encounter include several plants, medicines and human cosmetics, cleaning products, and even some foods.
Malicious food
Some foods that are safely consumed by humans are harmful to dogs:
Chocolate
Cocoa in chocolate contains theobromine, a chemical stimulant that, along with caffeine and theophylline, belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids. Dogs can not metabolize theobromine effectively. If they eat chocolate, theobromine can remain in their bloodstream for days, and the dog may experience rapid heartbeat, severe diarrhea, epileptic seizures, heart attacks, internal bleeding, and eventually death. "An ounce of milk chocolate per pound of body weight is a potentially deadly dose in dogs." In case of unintentional chocolate intake by mainly smaller dogs, immediately contact your vet or animal poison control; it is usually advisable to induce vomiting within two hours of consuming. If digested chocolate is suspected (mostly dark or chocolate cake), hydrogen peroxide can be used to induce vomiting safely, then travel to a suggested veterinarian. Large breeds are less susceptible to chocolate poisoning, but can still die after eating four ounces of chocolate.
Carob treats are often available as dog food; this is not related to chocolate and safe.
Wine and raisins
Grapes and raisins can cause acute kidney failure in dogs (see also wine poisoning and raisins in dogs). The exact mechanism is not known, nor is there a way to determine the vulnerability of individual dogs. Although only one raisin can be toxic to dogs susceptible to 10 kg (4.5 kg), some other dogs eat as much as a pound of wine or a raisin at a time without any ill effects. Affected dogs usually vomit several hours after consumption and begin to show signs of kidney failure three to five days later. Mikotoxin is allegedly involved, but one has not been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. The reason why some dogs experience kidney failure after consuming grapes and raisins is unknown. The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis.
Onion
Red onion causes hemolytic anemia in dogs (and cats). Allyl propyl disulfide has been reported to be considered a major cause of onion poisoning in dogs. Tiosulfate has also been reported to be involved. Thiosulfate levels are not affected by cooking or processing. Sometimes small amounts of exposure are usually not a problem, but continuous exposure even in small amounts can be a serious threat. Garlic also contains thiosulfate, even if significantly less, and is also known to cause diarrhea and vomiting.
Pala
Nutrition is very neurotoxic in dogs and causes seizures, tremor, and nervous system disorders that can be fatal. The rich and spicy beans are attractive to dogs that can cause the dog to swallow this deadly spice. Eggs and other processed food containing nutmegs can not be given to dogs.
Macadamia
Macadamia nuts can cause non-fatal stiffness, tremor, hyperthermia, and abdominal pain. The exact mechanism is unknown. Most dogs recover with supportive care when the source of exposure is removed.
Hops
Hops, plants used to make beer, can cause malignant hyperthermia in dogs, usually with fatal results. Certain breeds, such as Greyhound, appear to be very sensitive to the toxicity of hops, but hops should be kept away from all dogs. Even a small number of jumps can trigger potentially lethal reactions, even if the jump is "spent" after being used in brewing.
Yeast
Ingestion of yeast, for example in raw bread dough, can cause intestinal obstruction. Yeast can also cause fermentation internally, resulting in poisoning of ethanol (alcohol).
Xylitol
Xylitol is a sugar substitute used in chewing gum, chewable vitamins, candy, toothpaste, and other products. Although small initial studies indicate xylitol may be safe for dogs, other studies show significant toxicity. There are several cases of foods, candies and gums that contain xylitol which causes toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs.
Food allergies
Some dogs have food allergies just like humans; this is specific to individual dogs and not the characteristics of the species as a whole. An example is a dog being physically ill from salmon; many humans also have a seafood allergy.
Ordinary household substance
Some common household chemicals are very dangerous for dogs:
- Antifreeze (ethylene glycol), because it tastes sweet, poses a danger of poisoning to dogs and cats if swallowed. Even a very small amount like a tablespoon can easily prove fatal. Antifreeze itself is non-toxic, but is metabolized through the liver to toxic glycolic and oxalate, leading to intoxication and vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and ultimately acute renal failure that causes seizures and death. By the time clinical signs are observed, the kidneys are usually too damaged for the dog to survive so fast acting is important. Immediate treatments include pushing vomiting by using apomorphine or dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (if this can be done immediately after consumption), but this only reduces the amount absorbed - immediate animal care is usually still important because of the high toxicity of the compound. Medical treatment may include fomepizole (preferred treatment) that competes with toxins in the body, ethanol that competes well in the liver long enough to allow excretion to take place, activated charcoal to further reduce absorption of undigested products, and hemodialysis to eliminate toxins. of blood. Dogs should not be given access to places where antifreeze leaks or water spills have occurred until the spill is completely cleaned. Some antifreeze brands contain propylene glycol, not ethylene glycol and are marketed as less harmful or less attractive to animals.
- Alcohol Alcohol commonly found in animal drugs is isopropanol and methanol found in household products and ethanol from alcoholic beverages. They all cause toxicity in dogs. Isopropanol found in rubbing alcohol has twice the ethanol toxicity; But the methanol that can be found in the windshield washer does not have the same retinal and neuronal toxicities in dogs as in humans and primates because of differences in the way the metabolite acid is processed.
- Rats and rat toxins containing cholecalciferol cause hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in dogs. Clinical signs include depression, loss of appetite, vomiting of blood, weakness, and shock. Treatment as above for the latest exposure. When hypercalcaemia occurs (which can take 1 to 2 weeks), treatment is done with intravenous fluids (saline), diuretics, corticosteroids, and calcitonin. Long-term prognosis is good when the dog is stabilized.
Over-the-counter drugs
Poisoning with pain medication is common. Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve) can cause severe clinical signs in dogs, including blood vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Specifically, aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis and bleeding disorders, acetaminophen can cause liver disease, ibuprofen can cause kidney disease, and naproxen can cause boils in the abdomen, which can puncture. Treatment depends on clinical signs.
Public health risks
Most diseases affecting dogs or humans are non-transferable between the two species. Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans are zeroosis terrosed. The famous zoonosis is rabies, a viral infection that is transmitted through bites. Common bacterial zoonoses are leptospirosis, which is transmitted through urine. Some of the most important zoonoses are parasites. Zoonotic intestinal parasites are transmitted by contact with feces including Toxocara canis, causing toxocariasis, visceral visceral migrants, and migrans larvae of the eye, and hookworm, which can cause migration of skin larvae. Zoonotic skin parasites include scabies, caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei . The most common zoonotic fungal disease is ringworm, which is caused in this case by Microsporum canis .
Preventive drugs
Vaccinations
Vaccination is an important measure of animal health prevention. The specific vaccinations recommended for dogs vary depending on the geographical location, environment, travel history, and activities that are often done by animals. In the United States, irrespective of any of these factors, it is usually strongly recommended that dogs be vaccinated against rabies, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, and infectious dog hepatitis (using type2 canine adenovirus to avoid reactions). The decision whether to vaccinate against other diseases, including leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Bordetella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus and canine coronavirus, should be made between the owners and veterinarians, taking into account the specific factors in dogs.
Dentistry
Dental disease is one of the most common diseases in dogs. The accumulation of plaque and subsequent tartar leads to gingivitis and then periodontitis (gum disease). Periodontitis causes loss of bone attachment in lost teeth and teeth. Preventive measures include brushing, giving the right diet (avoiding canned food and other soft foods and providing chewing teeth) and scaling and polishing teeth. Cavities are rare in dogs.
Parasitic Treatment
A once-monthly topical product or consumable pill is the product most commonly used to kill and prevent future parasitic infestations.
Nutrition and obesity
Eating table pieces on dogs is generally not recommended, at least exaggerated. Just like in humans, dog diets should consist of the right mix of nutrients, carbohydrates, and proteins to give them the minerals and vitamins they need. Dogs get enough nutrition from their normal natural foods; Wild and wild dogs can usually get all the nutrients they need from whole-food prey and raw meat. In addition, the human diet is not ideal for dogs: the concept of a "balanced diet" for facultative carnivores like dogs is not the same as omnivorous humans. Dogs will usually eat all the leftovers and snacks they eat: usually too much food. Although not all human delicacies are highly toxic to dogs (see above), many have the same bad results as humans do.
Obesity is an increasingly common problem in dogs in Western countries. As in humans, obesity can cause many health problems in dogs (although dogs are much more susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans). According to a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, the prevalence of obesity in dogs is between 22 and 40 percent.
Obesity can also be caused by several diseases, such as Cushing's disease, or hypothyroidism.
Dog treats
Dog treats are often given to pets as a gift for something they do or just to let them chew their bones, which train their jaw muscles and help keep their teeth clean. Although dog food brings high benefits to dog teeth, they can also be a source of problems when given overload. Human foods are usually the foods that cause the most problems for dogs.
Excessive dog treat can be a cause of obesity. The type of food that is fed has a direct influence on the tendency of dogs to be overweight. Table cuts, treats, and even high-energy dog ​​food can contribute to obesity. Therefore, it is very important to closely monitor the amount of food that dogs get especially when the activity of the dog is reduced. Dog food is more likely to be associated with obesity in older dogs, because in old age they tend to be inactive and exercising. On the other hand, active dogs require and use more calories, so dog food is not a concern in younger and very active dogs.
Coprophagia
Not infrequently find your dog eating dirt. Some people take dog or dog poo themselves; others seem to prefer cat litter (which, because of the cat's digestive system, is high in protein and is consumed by many animals in the wild) It can be dangerous if the stool has any pathogens or parasites or contains excreted drugs.
Vitamins and supplements
Not yet clear whether vitamins and supplements should be given to dogs - opinions among veterinarians vary widely. While some people think that vitamins and supplements are necessary and can improve dog health, others believe they are not needed and can harm dogs. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dogs receive a complete and balanced diet of commercially processed dog food alone. Pet owners who feed their dogs homemade diets can include additional vitamins and supplements.
Between about 10 and 30 percent of dogs in the United States receive nutritional supplements. The survey of US pet owners in 2006 found that the most commonly used supplements were multivitamins and chondroprotective agents.
Vitamin overdose can be harmful to dogs. For example, excessive calcium can cause bone problems, especially in large-breed dogs. Excessive supplementation of vitamin A and D can cause vitamin toxicity in dogs. Excess vitamin A can cause dehydration, joint pain and can also damage the blood vessels, while too much vitamin D can cause muscle atrophy, or loss of appetite.
Reproductive health
Spay and castrate
Spay (women only) and castrate (both sexes but more often men) refers to animal sterilization, usually by removing the male testis or ovaries and women's uterus, to eliminate the ability to produce, and reduce the sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.
Animal control agencies in the United States and ASPCA suggest that dogs that are not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesirable puppies.
Due to the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born from orphans or due to the result of unintentional breeding often end up being killed in animal shelters. Spay and castration can also reduce the risk of hormonal diseases such as breast cancer, as well as undesirable hormonal driven behavior. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urine incontinence in women and prostate cancer in men. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization may somewhat alter the personality of the animal, however, and some objects to spay and castrate as sterilization can be performed without organ excision.
It is not important for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have a puppy before spaying, and also, a male dog need not experience mating before neutering.
Cats and female dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammae tumors if they do not vomit before their first heat cycle. High dietary estrogen content from average commercial pet food can be a contributing factor in the development of breast cancer, especially when exogenous sources are added to the normal estrogen produced by the body. Dog food containing soybeans or soy fractions has been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that can have biological effects when swallowed long term.
See also
- Aged on a dog
- Canine Hydrotherapy
- Dog Anatomy
- Dog smell
- Hypoallergenic dog food
- Senior dog diet
References
External links
- Media related to Dog disease and disorders in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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