Music carving is the art of drawing high quality music notation for mechanical reproduction purposes. The term music copy is almost equivalent - though music engraving implies a higher level of skill and quality, usually for publication. The process name comes from plate engraving, a technique widely used since the 16th century. The term engraving is now used to refer to high-quality methods for drawing music notation, especially on computers ("computer engraving" or "computer settings") or by hand ("hand carving").
Video Music engraving
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Mechanical mechanical carvings began in the mid-15th century. As the musical composition increases in complexity, so does the technology needed to produce an accurate musical score. Unlike literary printing, which mainly contains printed words, music carvings communicate several different types of information simultaneously. To be clear to musicians, it is important that engraving techniques allow for absolute precision. Chord notes, dynamic alerts, and other notations align with vertical accuracy. If text is entered, each syllable fits vertically with a given melody. Horizontally, the tapping subdivision is marked not only with their flags and blocks, but also by the relative space between them on the page. Logistics creating such exact copies poses some problems for early music sculptor, and has resulted in the development of some music carving technologies.
Move type
Similar to book printing, music printing began in the 15th century with the use of mobile types. The main problem posed to the early music sculptor using a moving type is the integration of notes, paranada, and proper text. Often, staff lines are drawn by hand before being printed, or added to later printed music. Ottavio Petrucci, one of the most innovative music printers working on the turn of the sixteenth century, uses triple impression technique that prints paranada, text, and notes in three separate steps.
Engraving plate
Although engraving plates have been used since the early fifteenth century to create visual art and maps, it was not applied to music until 1581. In this method, a mirror image of a complete music page is engraved onto a metal plate. The ink is then applied to the groove, and the music prints are transferred to the paper. Metal plates can be stored and reused, which makes this method an attractive choice for music carvers. Copper was the earliest metal of choice for the starting plate, but by tin the eighteenth century became the standard material due to flexibility and lower cost.
First, the plate is carved freely by hand. Finally, the caretaker developed a number of tools to aid in the process, including:
- Goalkeeper for paranada and bar lines, use that inspire musical score terms
- Elliptical diggers for crescendos and dynamics
- Flat sculptors for ledger and ledger lines
- Strokes for note heads, keys, characters, and letters
The carving plate is the preferred methodology for music printing until the late nineteenth century, where the drop point is accelerated by the development of photographic technology. Nevertheless, this technique has survived to this day, and is sometimes still used by preferred publishers like G. Henle Verlag in Germany.
Copying hands
Historically, a musician was asked to draw his own line of staff (staves) onto a blank sheet of paper. Finally, staff papers are made pre-printed with sticks as a labor-saving technique. Musicians can then write music directly to the line with a pencil or ink.
In the twentieth century, the music staff paper was sometimes printed on vellum or onion skin - a durable, semi-transparent material that made it easier for musicians to correct mistakes and revise jobs, and also make it possible to reproduce the text through the ozalid process. Also at this point, a music copyist is often used to copy individual parts (for each player) from a composer's complete score. Tidiness, speed, and accuracy are the desirable qualities of a skilled copyist.
Other techniques
- Lithography : Similar to metal plate engraving, the music is engraved on limestone and then burned to the surface with acid to preserve the stone slab for future use.
- Stencils , postage , and dry transfers , including Notaset, the Letraset-inspired system used in the twentieth century. Brushing ink through stencils is a high quality technique used by companies based in Amersham, Halstan & amp; Co.
- Musical typewriters : Originally developed in the late nineteenth century, this technology did not become popular until the mid-1900s. The machines require the use of pre-printed manuscript paper. This technique produces low-quality results and is never widely used.
Maps Music engraving
Computer music composition
With the advent of personal computers since the 1980s, traditional music carving has declined, as it can now be solved by computer software designed for this purpose. There are various such programs, known as scorewriters, designed to write, edit, print and play music, although only a few results produce quality comparable to high-quality traditional engravings. Scorewriters have many advanced features, such as the ability to extract individual sections of an orchestra/band score, to transcribe music played on a MIDI keyboard, and vice versa to play notations via MIDI.
Beginning in the 1980s, WYSIWYG software such as Sibelius, MuseScore, and Finale first let musicians enter complicated musical notations on a computer screen, displaying them exactly as they looked when they were finally printed. Such software stores music in proprietary or standard format files, usually not directly readable by humans.
Other software, such as GNU LilyPond and Philip's Music Writer, read input from plain text files that resemble macro computer programming languages ​​that depict empty music content with little or no layout specifications. The software translates hand-written descriptions into fully engraved graphics pages for viewing or sending for printing, taking care of appearance decisions from high-level layouts to glyph images. The music entry process is repetitive and similar to the execution-compile-execution cycle used to debug computer programs.
In addition to ready-made applications, there are also some programming libraries for music sculpture, such as Vexflow (Javascript library), Verovio (C, Javascript and Python), Guido Engine (C library), and Manufaktura Controls (.NET libraries). The main purpose of this library is to reduce the time required for software development with the rendering ability of scores.
Overview music carving library divided by programming language
See also
- Music composition
- Carving
- Scorewriter
- Rastrum
- RISM, RÃÆ'Â © pertoire International des Sources Musicales
References
Further reading
- Elaine Gould. Behind Bars: The Definitive Guide to Music Notation Faber Music Ltd, London.
- Ted Ross. Teach Yourself Art of Music & amp; Processing Hansen Books, Florida.
- Clinton Roemer. Music Copying Art: Preparing Music for Performance. Roerick Music Co., Sherman Oaks, California.
External links
- Music Carving on Metal Plates: Traditional Craft Demonstrated (documentary films in German and English)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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