The NEO Revised Personality Inventory ( NEO PI-I ) is a personality inventory that tests a person's Big Five personality (openness to experience, sincerity, extraversion, friendliness, and neuroticism). In addition, NEO PI-R also reported six subcategories of each of the Big Five personality traits (called facets).
Historically, the development of the NEO Revolution The PI-R began in 1978 with the publication of inventory personalities by Costa and McCrae. The researchers published three recent versions of their personal inventory in 1985, 1990, and 2005 called NEO PI , NEO PI-R (or NEO Revision PI), and NEO PI-3 , respectively. The revised inventory displays updated norms.
This personality inventory has a longer and shorter version. For example, NEO PI-R consists of 240 items (questions), while the shorter NEO-FFI (NEO Inventor Five Factors) has only 60 items (12 per domain). This test was originally developed for use with adult men and women without blatant psychopathy, but later proved also useful for people at a young age.
Video Revised NEO Personality Inventory
Personality dimension
Table of personality dimensions as measured by NEO PI-R, including terms, are as follows:
Maps Revised NEO Personality Inventory
History
In the 1970s, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae were examining age-related personality changes. Costa and McCrae reported that they began by searching for the broad and agreed nature of Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E), but cluster analysis led them to the third level. broad nature, Openness to Experience (O). The original version of the inventory, published in 1978, covers only three of these factors. The inventory is then called Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory ( NEO-I ). This version will be included in the Augmented Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
Based on data from the Baltimore study, Costa and McCrae recognize two additional factors: Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C). Thus, in 1985 they published the first manual for NEO covering all five factors, now known as the Big Five personality traits. Costa and McCra renamed their instruments to NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO PI ). In this version, "NEO" is now considered part of the test name and is no longer an acronym. The current assessment includes six scaled sub-scales for three original factors (N, E, & O;). This naming convention continues with the third version, with Updated NEO Updated Inventory , published in 1990, referred to as NEO PI-R .
Research begins to accumulate indicating that the five factors are broad and useful. There is also a call for a more detailed view of personality. In 1992 Costa and McCrae published a NEO manual revision that included six aspects for each factor (30 total).
In the mid to late 1990s, Costa and McCrae understood that some items in NEO PI-R were outdated or too difficult for many test takers to understand. Research has also begun to show that NEO PI-R has the potential to be used with teens and children as young as 10. Possible use of NEO with young people led Costa and McCrae in 2002 to manage NEO PI-R to more than 1,900 high school students. The study identified 48 item "issues" that reflected participants' difficulties with item words and/or correlation of the number of low corrected items (CITC). Alternative items are developed to replace "problem" items; the revised instrument was given to the new sample NEO PI-R and the revised version of the instrument was given to 500 teenagers, 635 adults, and 449 secondary school age children (12-13 years). For both adolescent and adult samples, the grain correlation was higher for the NEO revised version than for NEO PI-R. In addition, internal consistency, factor structure, and convergence and discriminant validity tests suggest that revised versions can be used with secondary school children. Of the original 48 "problems", 37 were enhanced in terms of clarity and/or CITC. In 2005, Costa and McCrae published the latest version of NEO Inventory, NEO PI-3 . The new version includes a revision of 37 items. With the creation of NEO PI-3, Costa and McCrae are intended to make inventory accessible to most populations. Increased legibility of NEO PI-3 compared to NEO PI-R allows new measures to be used with younger populations and adults with lower levels of education. In addition, with the replacement of 37 items, the psychometric properties of NEO PI-3 were slightly enhanced through NEO PI-R. In addition to improving the legibility of NEO PI, NEO PI-3 adds a list of lesser known terms to assist in administration.
Forms and administration
In the most recent publications, there are two forms for the NEO version, self-reports (S form) and observer reports (form R). Both forms consist of 240 items (behavioral descriptions) that are answered on a five-point Likert scale. Finally, there is a 60-item inventory, NEO FFI. There are both paper and computer versions of both forms.
Manual reports that full version administration should take between 30 and 40 minutes. Costa and McCrae report that an individual should not be evaluated if more than 40 items are lost. They also stated that despite the fact that the assessment was "balanced" to control the effect of the agreement and did not say, that if more than 150 responses, or less than 50 responses, were "agreed" or "strongly agree," the results should be interpreted with caution. heart.
Scores can be reported to most test takers on your "NEO Summary," which provides a brief description of the assessment, and provides individual-level domains and power-based descriptions of three levels (high, medium and low) in each domain. For example, low N reads "Safe, tough, and generally relaxed even under stressful conditions," whereas high N reads "Sensitive, emotional, and tends to experience irritating feelings." For profile interpretation, aspects and domain scores are reported in the T score and recorded visually compared to the appropriate norming group.
Reliability
The internal consistency of the NEO scale is assessed on 1,539 individuals. The internal consistency of NEO PI-R is high, at: N =.92, E =.89, O =.87, A =.86, C =.90. Internal consistency of scales ranges from 0.56 to 0.81. The internal consistency of NEO PI-3 is consistent with NEO PI-R, with ? ranging from 0.89 to 0.93 for five domains. The internal consistency coefficients in terms, with each facet scale consisting of fewer than each of the Big Five scales, are always smaller, ranging from 0.54 to 0.83.
For NEO FFI (60 domains only version only) the internal consistency reported in the manual is: N =.79, E =.79, O =.80, A =.75, C =.83. In the literature, NEO FFI is used more frequently, with researchers using NEO PI-R typically using items from only the domains they are interested in. Sherry et al. (2007) finds the internal consistency for FFI as follows: N =.85, E =.80, O =.68, A =.75, C =.83.
NEO has been translated into many languages. The internal consistency coefficients of the domain scores of the NEO translations that have been used in the Philippines are satisfactory. Alpha for domain scores range from 0.78 to 0.90, with the alpha facet having a median of 0.61. NEO PI-R observer data from 49 different cultures was used as a criterion in a recent study that tested whether individual perceptions of the "national character" of a culture accurately reflect the cultural member's personality (no)..
The reliability of the re-test of NEO PI-R has also been found to be satisfactory. The reliability of the NEO early repeat test after 3 months is: N =.87, E =.91, O =.86. The reliability of re-tests for more than 6 years, as reported in the NEO PI-R manual, is as follows: N =.83, E =.82, O =.83, A =.63, C =.79. Costa and McCrae show that these findings not only show good reliability of domain scores, but also their stability (among individuals over the age of 30). Scores measured six years apart vary only slightly more than the scores measured several months apart.
The psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R scale have been found to generalize across age, culture, and measurement methods.
Age impact
Although individual differences (rank-sequences) tend to be relatively stable in adulthood, there is a maturation change in personality that is common to most people (average rate changes). Most cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness tend to decrease, while consent and prudence tend to increase during adulthood. A meta-analysis of 92 personality studies using several different inventories (including NEO PI-R) found that social dominance, precision, and emotional stability increased with age, particularly in the 20 to 40 age range.
Validity
Costa and McCrae reported in the NEO manual research findings on the convergent and discriminant validity of inventories. Examples of these findings include the following:
- For Myers-Briggs Type Indicators, Introversy correlates with the warmth of NEO facet at -0.61, and with NEO facet Gregariousness at -0.59. Intuition is correlated with NEO facet Fantasy at 0.43 and with NEO facet Aesthetics at 0.56. Feelings correlated with NEO facet Tender-mindedness at 0.39.
- For Self-Managed Search (Personality inventory developed by John L. Holland for career work), Artistically correlates with NEO facet Aesthetic at 0.56, Investigative correlates with NEO facet Ideas at 0.43, and Social correlates with NEO facet Tender-mindedness in 0.36.
A number of studies evaluated the validity of NEO criteria. For example, Conard (2005) found that Conscientiousness significantly predicts student's GPA, above and above using only SAT scores. In a study conducted in Seville, Spain, Cano-Garcia and colleagues (2005) found that, using the Spanish version of inventory, the NEO dimension correlated with teacher fatigue. Neuroticism is related to the dimension of "emotional fatigue" from fatigue, and Agreeableness, with the dimension of "personal attainment" fatigue. Finally, Korukonda (2007) found that Neuroticism was positively associated with computer anxiety; Openness and Agreeableness are negatively related to computer anxiety.
Criticism
The critical review of the NEO PI-R is published in the 12th edition of the Yearbook of Mental Measurement (MMY). NEO-Pi-R (which measures only 57% of known variant properties in normal personality scope only) has been heavily criticized both in terms of the validity of the analytical/construct factor and its psychometric nature. Widiger criticized the NEO for not controlling the bias of social desires. He argues that test developers can not assume the participants will be honest, especially in settings where it benefits people to present themselves in a better light (eg, forensic settings or personnel). Ben-Porath and Waller show that NEO Supplies can be improved by adding controls to dishonesty and social desires.
June, in another review of the NEO PI-R for MMY, praised the NEO PI-R for incorporating both self-report scores and others, making it easier for psychologists to reinforce information provided by clients or study participants. However, June criticized the NEO PI-R for conceptualization using the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality. June argues that the existence of FFM is phenomenological and atheoretical, the model gaining popularity as a result of the influence of the authors (McCrae and Costa) in the psychological community. NEO PI-R is also criticized for its market-oriented nature. In response to the costs involved in using exclusive personal inventory such as NEO, other researchers have contributed to the development of International Personality Item Pool (IPIP); Items and IPIP scales are available for free.
Alternate version
A shortened version of NEO PI-R has been published. The short version is NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). It consists of 60 items and is designed to take 10 to 15 minutes to complete; instead, NEO PI-R takes 45 to 60 minutes to complete. NEO-FFI was revised in 2004. With the publication of NEO PI-3 in 2005, a revised version of NEO-FFI was also published. The NEO-FFI revision involves the replacement of 15 of the 60 items. The revised edition is considered more suitable for younger people. The new version has a stronger factor structure and improved reliability.
In addition, shorter personality measures have been developed. This is called Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). It also assesses the Big Five personality. TIPI can be used in situations where time is limited. Gosling et al. the data collected compares TIPI with longer and multi-item scales, and determines TIPI to be psychometrically lower. However, they also identified a number of TIPI strengths. First, Gosling et al. found an acceptable correlation with the size of the Big Five that is more widely used. Second, their data suggest TIPI has adequate re-test reliability. Third, the correlation of data between TIPI and the criterion-like correlation variables found in studies with larger Big-Five measures. They suggest TIPI can, therefore, be useful when very short personality measures are required.
Cross-cultural research
Evidence of NEO scale stability in different countries and cultures can be considered as evidence of its validity. A lot of cross-cultural research has been done on the Five-Factor Personality Model. Many studies rely on the shorter NEO PI-R and NEO-FFI. McCrae and Allik (2002) edited a book consisting of papers discussing cross-cultural research on FFM. Research from China, Estonia, Finland, Philippines, France, German-speaking countries, India, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, Vietnam and Zimbabwe have shown FFM to be strong across cultures.
Rolland, on the basis of data from a number of countries, insists that the dimensions of neuroticism, openness, and caution are legitimate cross-cultural. Rolland further advanced the view that extraversion and approval dimensions are more sensitive to cultural contexts. The age difference in the five personality factors throughout the adult age range is parallel in the samples from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea. Data examined from different countries have shown that age and gender differences in these countries resemble differences found in US samples. Analysis of intercultural factors resulted in an approach approaching the five-factor model.
McCrae, Terracciano et al. (2005) reported further data from 51 cultures. Their study found a cross-cultural equivalence between the five factors and aspects of NEO PI-R.
With the latest developments of NEO PI-3, cross-cultural research is likely to start comparing newer versions with the NEO PI-R. Piedmont and Braganza (2015) compared NEO PI-R with NEO PI-3 using adult samples from India. They use the English version of NEO PI-3 to measure its usefulness to individuals who speak English as a second language. Piedmont and Braganza found that NEO PI-3 had slightly higher item/total correlations and better re-test reliability than NEO PI-R. They suggest that NEO PI-3 has the potential to be utilized with those who do not speak English as their first language.
Brain and genetics
The NEO PI-R has been used in research relating to both (a) genotype and personality and (b) brain and personality. However, such studies are not always conclusive. For example, one study found some evidence for the relationship between NEO PI-R facet and polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, while another study was unable to confirm the findings.
In a study published in Science, Lesch et al. (1996) found an association between the regulator region of the serotonin regulating gene (5-HTTLPR) and the neurotic subscale. Individuals with shorter alleles have higher neuroticism scores than individuals with longer alleles. The effect is significant for heterozygotes and even stronger for homozygous people for shorter alleles. Although these findings are important, these specific genes account for only 4% of the phenotypic variation in neuroticism. The authors conclude that "if other genes are hypothesized to contribute to the effect of the same dose of genes on anxiety, about 10 to 15 genes might be predicted to be involved."
See also
- Psychology test
- Psychometry
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- 16PF Questionnaire
- Synthetic Aperture Personality Rating
References
External links
- Product PI-R page for publisher NEO PI-R
- International Pool Item, alternative and free source for personality research
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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