Platelet transfusion , also known as platelet concentrate, is used to prevent or treat bleeding in people with low platelet counts or poor platelet function. Often this happens to people who receive cancer chemotherapy. Preventive transfusions are often performed on those with platelet levels less than 10 x 10 9 /L. In those who perform bleeding transfusions usually less than 50 x 10 9 /L. Matching blood type (ABO, RhD) is usually recommended before platelets are given. Unsurpassed platelets, however, are often used because of the unavailability of suitable platelets. They are given by injection into blood vessels.
Side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, infections, and lung injury. Bacterial infections are relatively more common with platelets because they are stored at warmer temperatures. Platelets can be produced either from whole blood or by apheresis. They store up to five to seven days.
Platelet transfusion began to be used medically in the 1950s and 1960s. It's in the List of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization, the most effective and safe drugs needed in the health system. In the United Kingdom, the NHS costs about 200 pounds per unit. Some platelet versions have partially removed white blood cells or have gamma irradiated ones that have specific benefits for a particular population.
Video Platelet transfusion
Drug use
Bleeding prevention
International guidelines recommend platelet transfusions given to people with reversible bone marrow failure to reduce the risk of spontaneous bleeding when platelet counts are less than 10 x 10 9 /L.
Dose
A review of people with blood cancer compared with different platelet transfusion doses. This review found no difference in the number of people who had clinically significant bleeding between platelet transfusions containing a small amount of platelets (low dose - 1,1 x 10 11 /m 2 ) and containing medium platelet counts (medium dose - 2.2 x 10 11 /m 2 ). This review also found no difference in the number of people who had clinically significant bleeding between platelet transfusions containing small amounts of platelets and those containing large amounts of platelets (high doses - 4,4 x 10 11 /m < soup> 2 ). One study included research reported on transfusion reactions. The authors of this study suggest that high-dose platelet transfusion strategies may lead to higher rates of transfusion-related side effects.
Treatment of bleeding
There is little evidence for the effectiveness of platelet transfusions or optimal doses when someone with low platelet counts is actively bleeding. Current recommendations are based on consensus guidelines from around the world.
Prevention versus treatment
A review of people with haematological malignancies found that overall giving platelet transfusions when platelet counts less than 10 x 10 9/l/L> reduced the number of bleeding events and days with significant bleeding. However, these benefits are only seen in certain groups of patients, and people undergoing autologous stem cell transplants do not provide clear benefits. Maps Platelet transfusion
Side effects
Side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, infections, and lung injury. Bacterial infections are relatively more common with platelets because they are stored at warmer temperatures.
Usage
People with haematological or cancer disorders receive the largest proportion of platelet transfusions. Most are given to prevent bleeding during treatment with chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. Most of the rest are used in general medicine, cardiac surgery and intensive care.
Unlike other blood products, platelet transfusion appears to be increasing in some countries around the world. An aging population, an increase in the number of people with blood cancer, and changes in cancer management are probably the main reasons for increased platelet demand. Since 1990, the number of stem cell transplants performed in Europe has increased from 4,200 to over 30,000 per year.
History
Platelet transfusion began to be used medically in the 1950s and 1960s. It's in the List of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization, the most effective and safe drugs needed in the health system.
Society and culture
In the United Kingdom, the NHS costs about 200 pounds per unit.
Producing
Platelets can be produced either from whole blood donors or by apheresis. They store up to five to seven days.
Platelet components can have partially removed white blood cells (leucodepleted) that reduce the risk of having a transfusion reaction. They can be treated with ultraviolet light that reduces the risk of transmission of certain infections. They can be irradiated with gamma rays that have specific benefits for a particular population (those at risk for graft-related transfusions versus host disease).
References
External links
- Platelet Transfusion: Clinical Practice Guidance From the AABB Guideline of the American Association of Blood Banks published in 2015.
- Australian Patient Blood Management Guidelines.
- Free Transfusion Treatment Guidebook published in 5th UK edition.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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