Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems for macOS and Windows.
Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, it has become the de facto industry standard in editing raster graphics, so the word "photoshop" has become a verb like in "for Photoshop an image," photoshopping "and" Photoshop contest ", though Adobe do not recommend such use. It can edit and arrange raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositions and some color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, point colors, and duotone. Photoshop has extensive support for graphic file formats but also uses PSD and PSB file formats that support all the above mentioned features. In addition to raster graphics, it has limited ability to edit or render text, vector graphics (mainly through clipping paths), 3D graphics, and video. Photoshop's feature set can be expanded with Photoshop plug-ins, programs developed and distributed separately from Photoshop that can run on it and offer new or enhanced features.
The Photoshop naming scheme was originally based on the version number. However, in October 2002, after the introduction of the Creative Suite branding, each new version of Photoshop was designated with a "CS" plus number; e.g., the ultimate version of Photoshop is Photoshop CS and the ninth major version is Photoshop CS2. Photoshop CS3 to CS6 are also distributed in two different editions: Standard and Extended. In June 2013, with the introduction of Creative Cloud branding, the Photoshop licensing scheme was converted into software as a service rental model and the "CS" suffix was replaced with "CC". Historically, Photoshop was bundled with additional software such as Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Device Central and Adobe Camera RAW.
In addition to Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop Express and Photoshop Touch. Collectively, they are labeled as "The Adobe Photoshop Family". Currently the software is licensed.
Video Adobe Photoshop
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Photoshop was developed in 1987 by American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold distribution licenses to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988. Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on monochrome screen. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother, John Knoll, an Industrial Light & amp; The magic employee, who recommended that Thomas turn it into a complete image editing program. Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother in the program. Thomas renamed the ImagePro program, but the name was already taken. Later that year, Thomas renamed Photoshop's program and made a short-term deal with Barneyscan scanner manufacturers to distribute copies of programs with slide scanners; "a total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were sent" this way.
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave demonstration programs to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both performances were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase a license to distribute in September 1988. While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in the Ann Arbor writing code. Photoshop 1.0 was released on February 19, 1990 for the Macintosh exclusively. The Barneyscan version includes advanced color editing features stripped of the first Adobe shipping version. Color handling is slowly enhanced with every release from Adobe and Photoshop quickly becoming the industry standard in digital color editing. By the time Photoshop 1.0 is released, digital retouching on special high end systems, such as Scitex, costs around $ 300 per hour for basic photo retouching.
Maps Adobe Photoshop
File format
The Photoshop file has the default file extension as.PSD, which stands for "Photoshop Document." PSD files store images with support for most of the imagery options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, transparencies, text, alpha channels and point colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g.,.JPG or.GIF) that restrict content to provide efficient and predictable functionality. The PSD file has a maximum height and width of 30,000 pixels, and a length limit of two gigabytes.
Photoshop files sometimes have the. PSB file extension, which means "Photoshop Big" (also known as "large document format"). The PSB file extends the PSD file format, increasing maximum height and width by up to 300,000 pixels and a length limit of up to about 4 Exabytes. The dimensional limit is apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints (not close to power of two, like 30,000) but for ease of software testing. The format of PSD and PSB is documented.
Due to the popularity of Photoshop, PSD files are widely used and supported to some extent by most competing software. The.PSD file format can be exported to and from other Adobe applications such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, and After Effects.
Plugins
Photoshop's functionality can be extended by additional programs called Photoshop plug-ins (or plug-ins). Adobe makes some plugins, like Adobe Camera Raw, but third-party companies develop most plugins, according to Adobe's specifications. Some are free and some are commercial software. Most plugins work only with Photoshop or are compatible with Photoshop, but some can also be run as stand-alone applications.
There are different types of plugins, such as filters, export, import, selection, color correction, and automation. The most popular plugin is the plugin filter (also known as plugin 8bf), available under the Filters menu in Photoshop. The plugin filter can modify the current image or create the content. Here are some popular plugins, and some of the top companies associated with them:
- Color correction plugin (Alien Leather Software, Nik Software, OnOne Software, Topaz Lab Software, Plugin Sites, etc.)
- Special effects plugin (Alien Leather Software, Automatic FX Software, AV Brooch, Dangerous Piraring Device, etc.)
- 3D effect plugin (Andromeda Software, Strata, etc.)
Adobe Camera Raw (also known as ACR and Camera Raw) is a special plugin, provided free by Adobe, used primarily for reading and processing raw image files so that the resulting image can be processed by Photoshop. It can also be used from within Adobe Bridge.
Photoshop Tools
After loading Photoshop, the sidebar with various tools with some image editing functions appears on the left of the screen. These tools are usually included in the drawing category; paint ; measurements and navigation ; selection ; typed ; and retouching . Some tools contain a small triangle in the bottom right of the toolbox icon. This can be extended to reveal similar tools. While newer versions of Photoshop are updated to include new tools and features, some of the recurring tools available in most versions are discussed below.
Pen tool
Photoshop includes several versions of the pen tool. The pen tool creates the right path that can be manipulated using anchor points. The free form pen tool allows the user to draw a freehand path, and with a magnetic pen tool, the drawn path closely attaches to the outline of the object in the image, which is useful to isolate them from background.
Clone Stamp Tool
The Stamp Clone tool duplicates one part of the image to another part of the same image using a brush. Duplication is entirely or partially depends on the mode. Users can also clone parts from one layer to another layer. The Clone Stamp tool is useful for duplicating objects or removing defects in images.
Shape tool
Photoshop provides various forms of tools including rectangles, rounded rectangles, ellipses, polygons and lines. These forms can be manipulated by pen tools, direct election tools, etc. To create a vector graph.
The eyedropper device selects colors from the clicked image area, and the sample is to be used in the future. The hands tool navigates the images by moving them in all directions, and the zoom tool enlarges the portion of the clicked image, allowing for a closer view.
Selection tool
Selection tools are used to select all or any part of the image to perform cut, copy, edit, or retouching operations.
Trim
The crop tool can be used to select a specific area of ​​an image and remove parts outside of the selected section. This tool helps in making the focal point on the image and space unnecessary or excessive. Cutting allows enhancement of photo composition while reducing file size. The "cropping" tool is in the tool palette, which is located on the right side of the document. By placing the cursor over the image, the user can drag the cursor to the desired area. After the Enter key is pressed, the area outside the rectangle will be truncated. The area outside the rectangle is the discarded data, which allows the file size to decrease. The "krop" tool can be used to expand the canvas size by clicking and dragging beyond the borders of an existing image.
Slicing
The "slice" and slice select tools, such as the crop tool, are used to isolate parts of the image. The slice tool can be used to split the image into sections, and these separate parts can be used as part of the web page design once HTML and CSS are applied. The slice select tool allows the slices of the image to be adjusted and shifted.
Move
Moving devices can be used to drag entire or more single layers if they are selected. Alternatively, once an area of ​​the image is highlighted, the move tool can be used to move the selected place manually to anywhere on the canvas.
Marquee
The marquee is a tool that can make selections of one row, one column, rectangle and ellipse. The selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image. It can also crop images; this allows for better control. Unlike the crop tool, the "marquee" tool allows more customization to the selected area before cropping. The only marquee tool that does not allow pruning is the ellipse. Although single rows and columns of marquee tools make it possible to cut, they are not ideal, because they just cut the line. The Lasso
The lasso tool is similar to the "marquee" tool, however, the user can make a special selection by drawing it freely. There are three options for the "lasso" tool - regular, polygonal, and magnetic. The usual "lasso" tools allow the user to have the ability to draw. Photoshop will complete the selection after the mouse button is released. The user can also complete the selection by connecting the endpoint to the starting point. "Ants march" will indicate if the choice has been made. The "polygonal lasso" tool will simply draw a straight line, which makes it an ideal choice for images with many straight lines. Unlike the usual "lasso" tools, the user must constantly click around the image to outline the shape. To complete the selection, the user must connect the endpoint to the starting point like a regular lasso tool. "Magnetic lasso" tool is considered as a smart tool. It can do the same with the other two, but can also detect the edge of the image after the user selects the starting point. Detect by checking color pixels as the cursor moves above the desired area. Pixels are the smallest element in an image. Close the selection with the other two, which should also show "marching ants" once the selection has closed.
The quick selection tool selects an area based on the edge, the same as the magnetic lasso tool. The difference between this tool and the lasso tool is that there are no starting and ending points. For this reason, the selected area can be added to as much as possible without starting from scratch. By dragging the cursor to the desired area, the Magic wand
The magic wand tool chooses an area based on pixels of the same value. One click will select all adjacent pixels with a similar value in the tolerance level set by the user. If the eyedropper tool is selected in the options bar, then the magic wand can determine the value needed to evaluate the pixels; this is based on setting the sample size in the pipette tool. This tool is lower than the fast-selection tool that works almost the same but with much better results and more intuitive controls. The user must decide what settings to use or whether the image is appropriate for this tool.
Eraser
The Eraser tool deletes content based on the active layer. If the user is in the text layer, then any text where the tool dragged will be deleted. The eraser will convert the pixels to be transparent, unless the background layer is selected. The size and style of the eraser can be selected in the options bar. This tool is unique because it can take the form of brush and pencil tool. In addition to the straight eraser tool, there are two other options available - a background eraser and a magic eraser. The background eraser removes any part of the image that is on the edge of the object. This tool is often used to extract objects from the background. The magic eraser tool deletes the same color-based pixels. This is very similar to the magic wand tool. This tool is ideal for removing areas of the same color or tone that contrast with the rest of the image. Video editing
In the Adobe CS5 Extended edition, video editing is comprehensive and efficient with the compatibility of extensive video file formats such as MOV , AVI and MPEG-4 formats and easy workflow. Using a simple combination of key video layers can be easily modified, with other features such as adding text and creating animations using a single image.
3D Extrusion
With the Extended version of Photoshop CS5, 2D elements of a work of art can easily become three dimensional by clicking a button. Text extrusion, library of material available for three dimensions, and even wrapping two-dimensional images around 3D geometry.
Mobile integration
Third party plug-ins have also been added to the latest version of Photoshop where technologies such as iPad have integrated software with different types of applications. Applications such as Adobe Eazel painting applications allow users to easily create paintings with their fingertips and use different types of paints from dry to wet to create rich color mixing.
Camera Raw
With Camera Raw plug-in, raw images can be processed without using Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, along with other image file formats like JPEG , TIFFs , or PNG . The plug-in allows the user to remove noise without too sharp side effects, add grain, and even do vignetting post-crop .
3D printing tool
Requiring Photoshop version 14.1 or later, users can create and edit designs for 3D printing. After downloading 3D photo models from various online services, users can add colors, adjust shapes or rotate corners. Artists can also design 3D models from scratch.
Color replacement tool
The Color Switcher tool allows the user to change color, while retaining the spotlight and shadow of the original image, bits and pieces of the image. By selecting Brushs and right-clicking, the Color Replacement Tool is the third option down. What is important to note with this tool is the foreground color. The foreground color is what will be applied when painting along the selected portion of the image with the Color Replacement tool.
Cultural impact
Photoshop and derivatives like Photoshopped have just become verbs that are sometimes used to refer to images edited by Photoshop, or what images also manipulate the program. The derivative is not advised by Adobe because, in order to maintain validity and protect trademarks from being generic, trademarks should be used as proper nouns.
Version history
Old version
The Photoshop naming scheme was originally based on the version number. Adobe published thirteen versions (major and minor changes) prior to the introduction of the Creative Suite brand in October 2003. In February 2013, Adobe contributed the 1990 1990 version of the Photoshop code to the Computer History Museum.
CS
Photoshop CS was first released commercially in October 2003 as the eighth major version of Photoshop. Photoshop CS improves user control with a working file browser adding to the versatility of searching, sorting and sharing capabilities and a Histogram Palette that monitors image changes when created to a document. Match Color is also introduced in CS, which reads color data to achieve uniform expression throughout the image set.
CS2
Photoshop CS2, released in May 2005, expanded on its predecessor with a new set of tools and features. This includes an improved Spot Healing Brush, which is mainly used to deal with common photography issues such as defects, red eyes, noise, blurring and lens distortion. One of the most significant inclusions in CS2 is the implementation of Smart Objects, which enables users to scale and change vector images and illustrations without losing image quality, and to make related duplicates of embedded graphics so that one editing update in multiple iterations.
Adobe responds to feedback from the professional media industry by applying non-destructive editing as well as producing and modifying images of 32-Bit High Dynamic Range (HDR), which is optimal for 3D rendering and advanced compositing. The FireWire preview can also be viewed on the monitor via the direct export feature.
Photoshop CS2 brings Vanishing Point and Image Warping tools. Vanishing Point makes boring graphics and photo retouching work much simpler by letting users clone, paint and change image objects while maintaining a visual perspective. Image Warping makes it easy to digitally distort images into shapes by selecting presets on demand or by dragging control points.
File Browser is upgraded to Adobe Bridge, which acts as a hub for productivity, imagery and creativity, provides seamless file browsing and seamless cross product integration across Adobe Creative Suite 2 software. Adobe Bridge also provides access to Adobe Stock Photos, services a new stock photography offering users one-stop shopping at five elite stock image providers to provide high-quality, royalty-free images for layout and design.
Camera Raw version 3.0 is a new addition to CS2, and it allows settings for some raw files to be modified simultaneously. In addition, processing some raw files into other formats including JPEG, TIFF, DNG or PSD, can be done in the background without running Photoshop itself.
Photoshop CS2 provides a sleek interface, making it easier to access features for certain instances. CS2 users are also given the ability to create their own custom presets, which are meant to save time and increase productivity.
CS2 activation server closure: In January 2013, Adobe Photoshop CS2 (9.0), with some other CS2 products, was released with the official serial number, due to a technical error in the Adobe CS2 activation server (see Creative Suite 1 and 2).
CS3
CS3 enhanced features of earlier versions of Photoshop and introduced new tools. One of the most significant is the efficient interface that allows increased performance, speed, and efficiency. There is also increased support for Camera RAW files that allow users to process images at high speed and conversion quality. CS3 supports more than 150 RAW formats as well as JPEG, TIFF and PDF. Enhancements are made for Black Conversion, White, Brightness Adjustment and Contrast Adjustment as well as Point Removal Tool. The Black and White adjustment option improves control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to the Mixer Channel. There is more control over print and better management options with Adobe Bridge. The Clone Source palette is introduced, adding more options to the clone stamp tool. Other features include nondestructive Smart Filters, optimizing graphs for mobile devices, Light Chargers and Dusters. Compositing is aided by new Quick Selection and Refine Edge options from Photoshop and improved image enhancement technology.
Extended CS3 includes everything in CS3 and additional features. There are tools for 3D graphics file formats, video enhancements and animations, and comprehensive image measurement and analysis tools with DICOM file support. 3D graphics formats allow 3D content to be incorporated into 2D compositions. As for video editing, CS3 supports layers and video formatting so users can edit video files per frame.
CS3 and CS3 Extended was released in April 2007 to the United States and Canada. They are also available through Adobe's online store and Adobe Authorized Reseller. Both CS3 and CS3 Extended are offered as either standalone applications or features of Adobe Creative Suite. The price for CS3 is US $ 649 and the extended version is US $ 999. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac and PowerPC, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista. CS3 is the first release of Photoshop that will run natively on Macs with Intel processors: previous versions can only be run through the Rosetta translation layer, and will not run at all on Macs running Mac OS X 10.7 or later.
CS4
CS4 features a smoother panning and zooming feature, allowing faster image editing at high magnification. The interface is more simplified with tab based interface which makes it cleaner to use. Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine that allows converting gradient maps to 3D objects, adding depth to layers and text, and getting quality printouts with new ray-tracing rendering engine. It supports common 3D formats; New Adjustment and Mask Panels; Content-aware scaling; Canvas Rotation Fluid and File display options. The Content-aware scale enables users to intelligently measure and scale images, and the Canvas Rotation tool makes it easier to rotate and edit images from different angles.
Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which features Adobe Photoshop CS4, plus the ability for scientific imaging, 3D, motion graphics, accurate image analysis and top-class movie and video users. The faster 3D engine allows users to paint directly on 3D models, wrapping 2D images around 3D shapes and 3D animated objects. As the successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4 is the first x64 edition of Photoshop on consumer computers for Windows. Color correction tools have also been significantly improved.
CS4 and CS4 Extended was released on October 15, 2008. They are also available through Adobe's online store and Adobe Authorized Reseller. Both CS4 and CS4 Extended are offered either as stand-alone applications or features of Adobe Creative Suite. The price for CS4 is US $ 699 and the extended version is US $ 999. Both products are compatible with Mac OS X and Intel-based PowerPC, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista.
CS5
Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, 2010. In a video posted on its official Facebook page, the development team revealed the new technology being developed, including a three-dimensional brush and warping tool.
In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with a new version of some apps. Its Photoshop version, 12.1, is synonymous with concurrent updates for Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for new subscription pricing introduced with CS5.5.
CS5 introduces new tools like Content-Aware Content, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips, and Wayang Warp. This community also has additions built for CS5 because 30 new features and upgrades are included by request. These include automatic image alignment, Rule-of-Thirds cutting tools, color capture, and save 16-bit images as JPEGs. Other features include the Adobe Mini Bridge, which allows efficient browsing and file management.
CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D editing and video. A new material library is added, giving more options like Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphs, the tool can be applied to more than one frame in the video sequence.
CS5 and CS5 Extended are available through Adobe's online store, Google Authorized Reseller and Adobe direct sales. Both CS5 and CS5 Extended are offered either as stand-alone applications or Adobe Creative Suite 5 features. The price for CS5 is US $ 699 and the extended version is US $ 999. Both products are compatible with Mac OS X and Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 based on Intel.
CS6
Photoshop CS6, released in May 2012, adds new creative design tools and provides a redesigned interface with a focus on improving performance. New features have been added to the Content-Aware tool such as Content-Aware Patch and Content-Aware Move.
Adobe Photoshop CS6 brings a suite of tools for video editing. Color and lighting adjustments, as well as layers, are among the few things featured in this new editor. When you're done editing, the user is presented with several options exporting into several popular formats.
CS6 presents an "straightening" tool to Photoshop, where users only draw a line anywhere on the image, and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal, and adjusts the appropriate media. This is made with the intention that the user will draw a line parallel to the plane in the image, and redirect the image to the plane to make it easier to reach a certain perspective.
CS6 allows background storage, which means that while other documents collect and archive itself, it is possible to edit images simultaneously. CS6 also features a customizable auto-save feature, preventing any lost work.
The price for CS6 is US $ 699 and the extended version is US $ 999. Students, however, even those who study at home, can receive significant discounts in Photoshop.
With version 13.1.3, Adobe dropped support for Windows XP (including Windows XP Professional x64 Edition); thus, the last version that works on Windows XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with a perpetual license that supports new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as necessary bug fixes and security updates.
CC
Photoshop CC (14.0) launches on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of Creative Cloud subscriptions, the full version for $ 49 per month. Key features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction to reduce blur caused by camera shake. Rounded editable Rectangles and updates for Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) are also included.
Since its initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature updates. The first, version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The main feature in this version is Adobe Generator, a platform based on Node.js for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 is shipped with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on extensions in layer names, and the other to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow.
Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Key features include Perspective Warp, Linked Smart Objects, and 3D Printing support.
CC 2014
Photoshop CC 2014 (15.0) was released on June 18, 2014. CC 2014 features enhanced content-aware tools, two new blur tools (blur and opaque paths) and a new mask focus feature that lets users select a portion of the image based on whether they focus or not. Other minor improvements have been made, including increased speed for certain tasks.
CC 2015
Photoshop CC 2015 was released on June 15, 2015. Adobe added various creative features including Adobe Stock, which is a special stock image library. It is also included and has the ability to have more than one layer style. For example, in older versions of Photoshop, only one shadow can be used for layers but in CC 2015, up to ten are available. Other minor features such as Export As, which is a form of Save For Web in CC 2014 are also added. The updated interface on November 30, 2015 provides a cleaner and more consistent look across Photoshop, and users can quickly perform common tasks using a series of new gestures on touch-enabled devices such as Microsoft Surface Pro. CC 2015 also marks the 25th anniversary of Photoshop.
CC 2017
Photoshop CC 2017 is released on November 2nd, 2016. It introduces new template selectors when creating new documents, the ability to search tools, panels and help articles for Photoshop, support for SVG OpenType fonts and other minor improvements. In December 2016, a small update was released to include support for the MacBook Pro Touch Bar.
CC 2018
Photoshop CC 2018 was released on October 18, 2017. It featured an overhaul to the brush organizational system, allowing for more properties (such as color and opacity) to be stored per brush and for brushes to be categorized in folders and sub-folders. He also added a stroke smoothing brush, and over 1000 brushes made by Kyle T. Webster (following the acquisition of Adobe's website, KyleBrush.com). The Curvature Pen tool, similar to the one in Illustrator, is added, allowing the creation of the BÃÆ'¼zier path faster. Other additions include Lightroom Photo access, Variable font support, copy-paste layers, enhanced tooltips, 360 panoramas and HEIF support, PNG compression, improved algorithms for face-detection and selection tools, increased image size and improved performance on opening files, filters, and brushstrokes.
Photoshop Touch
Photoshop Touch is an app designed specifically for tablets and touch screen devices. This includes many features of personal computer versions, including layers, selection tools, customizations, and filters. Edited files can be synced with Adobe Creative Cloud. Touch Photoshop is available on iOS and Android. There are two iOS versions - designed for iPad and others for iPhone and iPod touch; both require iOS 5.0 or later. Android version can be installed on all Android devices (4.0 and higher) and tablets (3.1 and higher). It has since been stopped.
See also
- Creative Cloud Controversy
- Comparison of raster graphics editor
- Image editing
References
Further reading
- Lev Manovich (2011). "In Photoshop". Computational Culture (1). ISSN 2047-2390. (ask:" How media authoring software to form a created medium, make some design choices look natural and easy to run, while hiding other design possibilities? ")
External links
- Official website
- Photoshop in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Does Photoshop Mix Up the World? Video episodes in Off Book are produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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