Household economy , domestic science or house science is a field of study related to home and economy. It deals with the relationships between individuals, families, communities, and the environment in which they live.
Video Home economics
Name
Family and consumer science were previously known in the United States as home economies, often abbreviated as "home ec" or "HE". In 1994, organizations, including the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, adopted the new term "family and consumer science" to reflect the fact that the field includes aspects beyond home life and health.
This field is also known by other names, including human sciences, home sciences, and the domestic economy. In addition, the home economy has a strong historical connection to the field of human ecology, and since the 1960s a number of university-level home economic programs have been renamed "human ecology" programs, including Cornell University programs.
Maps Home economics
History
One of the first to compete for a home run economy is Catherine Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Catherine and Harriet are both leaders in the mid-19th century in North America in talking about domestic science. They come from very religious families who value education especially for women.
The Morrill Act of 1862 pushes domestic science farther forward as tertiary land grants seek to educate peasant wives in running their households as their husbands are being educated in methods and agricultural processes. Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota and Michigan are early leaders who offer programs for women. There were female graduates from these institutions several years before the Lake Placid Conference that gave birth to the household economic movement.
The home economy movement began with Ellen Swallow Richards, who was the first woman to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and later became the first female instructor. Through chemical research, he became an expert in water quality and then began to focus on applying scientific principles to household situations. At the Chicago World Expo in 1893, he designed the Rumford Kitchen, which is a small kitchen serving nutritious food for thousands of visitors, along with a healthy dose of nutrition education. He avoids invitations to participate in the Woman Building as he says none of his research is just women's work, but information for all.
At the end of the 19th century, Richards assembled a group of contemporaries to discuss the essence of domestic science and how these disciplinary elements would ultimately improve the quality of life for many individuals and families. They meet in the unspoiled Lake Placid, New York at the invitation of Melvil Dewey. Over the next 10 years, these educators worked tirelessly to improve the discipline, which became the home economy, into a legitimate profession. Richards wants to call this oekologi or true life science. Euthenics, a controlled environmental science, was also the name of his choice, but the "home economy" was ultimately chosen as an official term in 1899. Richards later founded the American Home Economics Association (1909).
In the 1910s AHEA won part of two important parts of the law allowing home economists to establish a formal niche for research and teaching within higher education institutions. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 provide funding to extend pilot work in rural communities and to develop and teach home economic curricula on campuses from many state grant colleges. This law contributes to the creation of the House Economy Office, which grew into the Home Economy Bureau, in the US Department of Agriculture during the early 20th century.
Household economics emerged at the turn of the 20th century as a movement to train women to become more efficient household managers. At the same time, American families begin to consume more goods and services than they produce. To guide women in this transition, the professional household economy has two main goals: to teach women to take on their new role as modern consumers and to communicate the needs of housewives to manufacturers and political leaders. The development of the profession grew from its origins as an educational movement for its identity as a source of consumer expertise in the interwar period until the virtual disappearance of the 1970s. The additional purpose of the field is to "rationalize domestic work", or lend a professional social status to it, based on the theory that domestic work can be intellectually compliant for the women involved, along with emotional or relational benefits.
In the 19th century, economy-class homes were meant to prepare young women for their duties at home in a healthy environment. Classes were first offered in the United States, Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom, followed by Latin America, Asia, and Africa. International organizations such as those associated with the United Nations have been involved in starting home economic programs around the world.
Through Iowa State College the 1940s (later the University) was the only program that provided the master of science in home appliances. However, the program centers on the ideals that women should acquire practical skills but also a scientific-based understanding of how technology in the household works. For example, women are asked to disassemble and re-install kitchen machines so they can understand basic operations and repair equipment. In doing so, Iowa State effectively creates culturally acceptable forms of physics and engineering for women in an era when these activities are generally inaccessible to them.
Home economics... finds receptive audiences among many young women members who express interest in learning how to improve their homes, spend their free time, and make decisions about what to buy, what to make at home, and even what book to read. Although the participation of men in the Home Economy program is encouraged it is not actively recruited, and in future programs at universities like Cornell, the male role becomes entrenched in courses such as hotel management in the hospitality industry.
The proposal of the Standard Committee in 1924 changed the AHEA constitution which allowed the special voter membership section to pave the way for the HEIB (Home Economist in Business) section. The largest group of HEIB members work for food companies such as Washburn Crosby (then General Mills), Kellogg's,.. or trade associations assigned to promote specific foods such as the Institute of American Meat Packers and the National Dairy Council. [Some] work as journalists for women's magazines such as the Ladies' Home Journal. [Other] works for utility companies.
The functions that home economists have done for more than a century remain key to our experience as consumers, but professional identity has vanished. Indeed, attempts to reposition discipline eventually led to the renaming of the late 20th century. In 1994, "home economy" was replaced by "family science and consumers."... This reseawing suggests a formal break from field associations with households, highlights not a matter of "family" and "consumption."
New actor who became famous in the 1980s is a charismatic celebrity that is not parallel to the home economist or other professional groups. Martha Stewart and her "domestic celebrities" colleagues, in television programs, books, magazines, and websites, attest to the importance of independent experts and commercial mass media organizations in facilitating technological and cultural change in the consumer products and services industry.
To a great extent, Americans nowadays enter the values ​​that have been enshrined in the home economic curriculum to express national identity and affirm different living standards not only from Developing Countries but also from the cultures of other Industrialized Countries.... Even because luxury consumption provides a cultural pull for many, middle-class culture still celebrates consumers who make sensible and controllable choices in the marketplace, rejecting pure enjoyment, impulsive purchases, and cheap or ugly goods.
Home practice at American college
Home practices were added to American universities in the early 1900s to model living situations, although the 'women's team' model used for students was different from the expectations of housewives in effect. For example, women are considered to work together, while households at the time assume that women will work independently.
Nevertheless, the practice houses are appreciated. This practicum course takes place in a variety of environments including single-family homes, apartments, and student dorm-style blocks. For several weeks, students live together while taking on different roles and responsibilities, such as cooking, cleaning, interior decoration, hosting, and budgeting. Several classes are also involved in caring for young infants, while adopted from orphanages. Child care practices are often incorporated in conjunction with other classroom assignments, which require students to configure their intellectual life and home as one compatible with the others. According to Megan Elias, "in ideal domestic work it is as important as the work done outdoors and it is done by the equivalent team that plays the role.Each team member is able to live life outdoors and inside the house, ideally, who tells the work households and informed by him.The balance between home and the wider world is the basis for this movement.
Department of American universities
The department was established in a number of American universities. For example Brigham Young University has departments from 1920-1950.
By country
FCS is taught worldwide, either as a preferred subject or as a compulsory subject in secondary education, and in many tertiary and sustainable educational institutions. Sometimes also taught in basic education. International cooperation in the field is coordinated by the International Federation for Home Economics, established in 1908.
German
Between 1880 and 1900, the concept of the Reifenstein school was initiated by Ida von Kortzfleisch, a Prussian noblewoman and early German feminist. Reifenstein refers to Reifenstein im Eichsfeld, a municipality in Thuringia and the location of the first permanent school. Reifensteiner Verband consisted of 1897 to 1990 about 15 schools of its own and cooperated with further operators. Around 40 wirtschaftliche Frauenschulen, a rural economy women's school is connected with the concept and movement of Reifensteiner and enables higher education for women already in German Kaiserreich. Doctorate in 1913 Johannes Kramer compares the concept of different home economic education around the world and praised his system, eg. in Iowa.
South Korea
In South Korea, this field is best known as "family study" or "family science" (????, gajeong-gwahak). The field began in schools taught by western missionaries in the late 19th century. The first level of family science was founded at Ewha Womans University in Seoul in 1929.
United States
In the United States, about 5 million students in US secondary schools take FCS every year.
Home sciences in India
Many Education boards in India such as NIOS, CBSE, ICSE, CISCE and various state councils offer home science as a subject in their program.
United Kingdom
In the UK, Home Economics has been a GCSE qualification offered to high school students, but has since been replaced with a course entitled Food and Nutrition that focuses more on the nutritional side of food for the economy.
Content
Located in the human sciences, the home economy draws from a wide range of disciplines to achieve optimum and sustainable living for individuals, families, and communities. Historically, home economies have been in the context of households and households, but these have been extended in the 21st century to include a broader environment as we better understand that the capacity, choices, and priorities of individuals and families impact at all levels, from households to local and global communities. Home economists are concerned with promoting and protecting the welfare of individuals, families and communities; they facilitate the development of attributes for lifelong learning for paid, unpaid, and voluntary work. Home economy professionals are supporters for individuals, families, and communities.
The economic content of the home comes from the synthesis of various disciplines. This interdisciplinary knowledge is important because the phenomena and challenges of everyday life are usually not one dimensional. The content of the home economics course varies, but may include: food, nutrition, and health; personal finance; management and planning of family resources; textiles and clothing; housing and housing; consumerism and consumer science; household management; design and technology; food science and hospitality; human development and family studies; communication and education counseling and community services, among others. The capacity to withdraw from such diversity of disciplines is the strength of the profession, enabling the development of specific interpretations of the field, relevant to its context.
Clean
House cleaning tasks can be separated into four categories: garbage disposal, storage of goods, dust, and surface washing. Washing the surface is the most dangerous and complicated part because of the cleaning solution. For example, hard water deposits are cleaned with acid solution and the oil is cleaned with an alkaline solution; both of which can be harmful to the skin and are reactive to one another, potentially resulting in undesirable by-products. Mix together with chlorine bleach and strong acids (eg limescale remover containing HCl) form a chlorine gas, which is toxic. Solvents such as paint thinners and rubbing alcohols are toxic and flammable. Some toxic disinfectants. Even laundry water can require rubber gloves.
Professional association
AAFCS (Family Association & Consumer America) represents teachers, educators, cooperatives, businesses, designers and nutritionists. American Family Association & amp; Consumer Science (AAFCS) is the only national forum where K-12 teachers, university educators, and corporate executives collaborate to improve the quality of the lives of individuals and families.
The Association for Careers and Technical Education (ACTE) is the largest national education association of America dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for successful careers. ACTE's core objective is to provide leadership in developing an educated, ready, and competitive workforce. The Division of ACTE Family Education and Consumer Science includes three parts (1) NATFACS - Lecturer of the National Family and Consumers Association (2) NATEFACS - Lecturer of National Association of Families and Consumer Science, andy (3) NASAFACS - State Board of the National Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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