Bottled water is drinking water (eg, well water, distilled water, mineral water, or springs) packaged in PET Bottles or Glass Water Bottles. Bottled water may be carbonated or not. Sizes range from small bottles serving single to large carboys for water cooling.
Video Bottled water
Histori
Although vessels for bottles and water transport were part of the earliest human civilization, bottled water began in the UK with the first bottling of water in the Holy Well in 1621. Demand for bottled water was largely driven by a resurgence in spa- go and water therapy among Europeans and American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first commercially distributed water in America was bottled and sold by Jackson's Spa in Boston in 1767. Bottled drinkers believed that water in these mineral springs had therapeutic properties and that bathing or drinking water can help treat many common ailments..
The popularity of bottled mineral water is rapidly causing the market for imitation products. The carbonated water was developed as a means to estimate the natural froth from semi-tear bottles, and in 1809 Joseph Hawkins was issued the first US patent for "imitation" mineral water. Due to technological innovations in the nineteenth century lowering the cost of making glass and increasing the production speed for bottling, bottled water can be produced on a larger scale and beverages are becoming increasingly popular. Bottled water is seen by many as a safer alternative to 19th century city water supplies that can be contaminated with pathogens such as cholera and typhoid. By the middle of this century, one of the most popular bottlers in America, Saratoga Springs, produces more than 7 million bottles of water every year.
In the United States, the popularity of bottled water declined in the early 20th century, when the emergence of water chlorination reduced public concerns about water-borne diseases in urban water supplies. However, it remains popular in Europe, where it spread to cafes and grocery stores in the second half of this century. In 1977, Perrier launched a successful advertising campaign in the United States, touting a rebirth in popularity for bottled water. Currently, bottled water is the second most popular commercial beverage in the United States, with about half the domestic consumption as a soft drink.
Water chemistry
Much of the early developments in chemistry can be attributed to natural mineral water studies and attempts to replicate them for commercial sales. Joseph Priestley, who would discover oxygen in 1775, made his first contribution to chemistry by dissolving carbon dioxide in water, where he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1773. He will continue to work with Johann Jacob Schweppe, founder of Schweppes, in developing the waters of " aeration "for commercial sales.
PET Plastic Bottle
In 1973, DuPont engineer Nathaniel Wyeth patented the Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, the first plastic bottle capable of withstanding the pressure of carbonated fluid. Today, PET plastics have replaced glass as an ingredient of choice for a single packaged drinking water container because of its light weight and resistance to damage.
Maps Bottled water
Type
Some of the more common types of bottled water are:
- Artesian water - this is water that comes from a confined aquifer that has been tapped and where the water level stands at a certain height above the top of the aquifer.
- Fluoridation - this type of water contains additional fluoride. This category includes water classified as "For Baby" or "Nursery".
- Groundwater - this type of water comes from an underground source that is under pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
- Mineral water - water from mineral springs containing minerals, such as salt and sulfur compounds. It comes from a source that is tapped into one or more drill holes or springs, and comes from an underground water source that is geologically and physically protected. No minerals can be added to this water.
- Purified water - this type of water has been produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or other suitable processes. Purified water can also be referred to as "demineralized water".
- Sparkling water - Soda water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide as it is at the source. Carbon dioxide can be removed and recharged after treatment.
- Fountains - this type of water comes from underground formations from which water flows naturally to the Earth's surface.
- Sterile water - this type of water meets the sterilization requirements, for example, determined under "sterility tests" in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
- Well water - well water taken from tapping holes, etc. These holes may be bored, drilled, or built on the ground.
Product Form
The Beverage Marketing Corporation defines the bottled water market segment as "retail PET, retail, home and office shipping, vending, domestic shiny and imported", but excludes "spiced and improved water".
Pure water vending machine
A number of cities and companies around the world have vending machines that deliver refined water into customer's containers. All dispensers filter out tap water at the site. In North America, these machines are usually located outside the supermarket.
Of all the water companies, Glacier Water is the largest. Since early 1983, Glacier Water has experienced significant growth in engine placement.
Bottled drinking water
It is not uncommon for businesses or individuals to subscribe to bottled water services. This service delivers water either monthly or weekly, sometimes even daily. Traditionally, water in glass bottles (jugs) is provided for electric cooling in business areas without pipes. Plastic containers have replaced the glass jug, however, dispensers in business can now stand next to an existing water faucet or fountain.
Storage
Bottled water is often stored as part of an emergency kit in the event of a natural disaster. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) says that the "safest" and "most reliable" source of drinking water is bottled water purchased at the store. Generally, disaster management experts recommend storing 1-US-gallon (3.8 liters) of water per person, per day for at least three days. This amount is intended to include water for drinking and cooking as well as water for washing hands, washing dishes, and personal hygiene. Water container containers have unlimited shelf life, as long as they remain unopened and undamaged. Voluntary and individual selling dates are set by the producers to show how long they believe the water will taste and smell fresh, rather than indicating contamination or food safety issues.
PET Recycling
The most common packaging material for single bottles, non-carbonated water bottles in the United States and Europe is Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics.] Marked in many countries with resin identification code number "1", 100% PET can be recycled, recycling varies by region. By 2014, about 1.8 billion pounds of post-consumer PET bottles are collected in the United States and 1.75 million metric tons (about 3.9 billion pounds) are collected in the EU, making it the best recycled plastic in the United States and Europe.. In the United States, the recycling rate for PET packaging is 31.8% by 2014; in the EU, the recycling rate for PET packaging for the same period was about 52%.
The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), the trade association for the PET plastic packaging industry in the United States and Canada, identifies five major generic end use categories for recycled PET plastics: 1) packaging applications, including new bottles; 2) sheet and film applications, including some thermoforming applications; 3) strapping; 4) application of engineered resin; and 5) fiber applications. According to Recycle Across America nonprofit, five individuals serving PET plastic bottles provide enough fiber to make one square foot rug or to fill one ski jacket.
In Europe, more than one-third of recovered PET plastics are used to produce polyester fibers, and another quarter is used in the production of pre-formed plastic containers - such as egg cartons, fruit boxes, and other plastic beverage bottles.
Water and Energy Usage
On average, it takes 1.32 liters of water to produce 1 liter of bottled water. These include 1 liter of water and 0.32 liters of water used in process facilities such as maintenance, bottling, and maintenance. The small package facilities (facilities packaged bottled water between 8 oz and 2.5 gallon) use the least amount of water (1.26 liters per 1 liters), followed by mixed packing facilities (1.46 liters per liter). Water-packed facilities for home and office shipping in the size of 2.5 gallons up to 5 gallons use the most water (1.56 liters per liter).
Bottled water has a lower water use than bottled soft drinks, which average 2.02 liters per 1 liter, as well as beer (4 liters per 1 liter) and wine (4.74 liters per 1 liter). Water consumption per liter larger than this beverage can be attributed to additional ingredients and production processes, such as flavor mixing and carbonization for soft drinks and fermentation for beer and wine. In the United States, bottled water represents 0.011% of annual water consumption.
Critics of bottled water argue that the industry should take into account not only the water used in its production and packaging processes, but the total water footprint of its supply chain, which includes the water used in its packaging production.
An IBWA life cycle inventory study 2011 found that packaging water, packaging, and packaging transport in the United States consumed 107.4 trillion BTU of energy each year, representing about 0.07% of annual energy consumption in the country. According to the same study, 6.8 million tons of CO2 eq is emitted by the bottled water industry annually in the United States, about 0.08% of annual emissions. An Aetna Group study in 2015 concluded that every liter of bottled water requires 0.24 megajoules of energy to be produced. The life cycle carbon cycle for half a liter of bottled water is 111 grams of CO2 eq. In comparison, soft-sized soft-sized soft drinks produce a 240 gram CO2 eq. Bottles of soft drinks require thicker plastic due to carbonation, and therefore more grams of CO2 eq.
Rule
Indian Standard Bureau (BIS)
Indian Bureau of Standards ( BIS ) is the Indian National Standard Body working under the auspices of the Consumer Affairs, Food & amp; Public Distribution, Government of India. It was established by the Indian Bureau of Standards Act, 1986 which came into force on 23 December 1986. The minister in charge of the Ministry or the Department having administrative control over BIS is the former President of BIS.
Food and Drug Administration
Bottled drinking water is regulated comprehensively by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product. By law, FDA regulations for bottled water should be at least as strict as the Environmental Protection Agency's standards for tap water.
The FDA has established a "Standard of Identity" for bottled water products sold in the US. For products considered "bottled water", they should not contain sweeteners or additives (other than flavors, extracts or essences) and should be calorie free. and sugar free. If flavors, extracts and essences - derived from spices or fruit - are added to water, this addition must comprise less than 1% by weight of the final product. The FDA Code of Federal Regulations sets limits for the amount of fluoride that can be added to water. Mineral water contains at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS). "Pure water" is defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Australian New Zealand Food Standard
Food Standards New Zealand's New Zealand Food Standards Code limits fluoride in bottled water to between 0.6 and 1.0 milligrams per liter, and requires any additional specified on the product label.
Industrial reform
The Council of Canadians, a social action organization, stressed the need for a bottled water industry reform after launching Nestlà ©  © boycott in September 2016 after it defeated a small town aimed at securing long-term water supplies through local wells as the country fought drought and depletion of reserves groundwater. Premier Kathleen Wynne stated that her government will look for ways to put the needs of the community in front of the bottled water company, saying "as we see in the bottling industry, which should be a question because we are talking about what we can argue is our most valuable source" they have this "discussion of our water, the status and care of the bottling companies, which need to be considered".
Market
Global sales
Global bottled water sales have increased dramatically over the last few decades, achieving an assessment of approximately $ 60 billion and volumes of more than 115,000,000 cubic meters (3.0 ÃÆ' - 10 10 US gal) in 2006. US sales accounted for about 30 billion bottles of water in 2008, slightly down from 2007 levels
The consumption rate more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2005. The purified tap water and springs are now the leading global sellers. With one estimate, about 50 billion bottles of water are consumed per year in the US and about 200 billion bottles globally.
Australia
The Australasia Bottom Water Organization is a regional member of the International Water Association Board. The bottled water industry in Australia is worth about $ 400 million per year,
An upscale restaurant in Sydney has stopped selling bottled water and started using a $ 5,000 machine to filter, cool and water carbonic taps to get the same quality water.
European Union
Directive 2009/54/EC relates to the marketing and exploitation of natural mineral water in the EU. The two main types of bottled water known are mineral water and springs.
Broadly speaking, "mineral water" is ground water that has emerged from the ground and flows over rocks. Treatment of mineral water is limited to remove unstable elements such as iron and sulfur compounds. Treatment for such minerals may extend only to filtration or decanting with oxygenation. Free carbon dioxide can be removed only by physical methods, and the rules for the introduction (or reintroduction) of CO 2 are strictly defined. Natural mineral water disinfection is strictly prohibited, including the addition of any element that is likely to alter bacterial colonies. If effervescent natural mineral water, it should be labeled accordingly, depending on the origin of carbon dioxide: natural carbonated mineral water (no introduction of CO 2 ); natural mineral water enriched with gas from springs (reintroduction of CO 2 ); carbonated natural mineral water (CO 2 added following strict guidelines).
Directive 2001/83/EC relating to bottled water is considered a "drug product" and is thus excluded from the scope of other regulations.
India
The bottled water industry in India witnessed an explosion in the late 1990s as soon as Bisleri launched bottled drinking water in the country. This significant growth is driven by a surge in advertising by industry players that "pure and healthy bottled water".
The total market is valued at $ 60 billion in 2013, in which the top five players (Bisleri, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and Parle) accounted for 67% market share. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 22%, to reach INR 160 billion (US $ 2.4 billion) in 2018.
By 2016, Sikkim announces restrictions on the use of plastic water bottles (in government functions and meetings) and styrofoam products as they are related to adverse health and environmental impacts.
Available Size: 20ltr (Jar), ​​5 Ltr (Bottle), 1 Ltr (Bottle - Pack 12), 500ml (Bottles - Packing 24), 250ml (Bottles - pack 48/36), 200ml (Bottle - pack from 48/36).
Lebanon
Lebanon has one of the fastest growth rates of bottled water consumption per capita. Lebanon has seven major brands of packaged mineral water for local consumption and for export to water-deprived countries in the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf.
New Zealand
Bottled water in New Zealand is governed by the New Zealand Food Standard of New Zealand and must comply with the 1981 Food Act. Since July 2009 fluoride is allowed to be present in bottled water as an additive or as a natural mineral.
Pakistan
As contaminated water expanded, in the mid-1980s an urban family began installing a screening unit at home. It later developed into a company that provides mineral water delivery services at home. The use of a 1-US-gallon bottle (3.8 liters) that can be attached to a dispenser is still widespread.
Bottled water is made famous by one of the largest marketing campaigns in the history of Pakistan by Nestle. Finally, other bottlers include dozens of local ones, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Mineral Drops by water icons, Nature, Vey, Nova Pure Water Larkana, Mina Water, Great Water Islamabad, Dew Drop, and other import brands such as Evian began to market in the country.
United States
The US is the second largest consumer market for bottled water in the world, followed by Mexico, Indonesia and Brazil. China surpassed the United States to take the lead in 2013. In 2008, US bottled water sales reached 8.6 billion US gallons (33,000,000 m 3 ) for 28.9% of the US liquid beverage market, surpassing the sales of all other beverages except carbonated soft drinks, they were followed by fruit juice, and sports drinks. Americans drink 21 gallons US (79Ã, L) per capita bottled water per year.
In the United States, bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the quality of tap water. The International Bottled Water Drinking Association (IBWA) is headquartered in Alexandria, VA.
From 1970 (16 brands) over 1998 (50 brands) to 2012 (195 brands), the number of brands of mineral water in the US has grown exponentially.
Consumer information
Label
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all packaging food and beverage products, including bottled water, and mandate labeling requirements. FDA labeling requirements include a statement of the type of water in the container, in accordance with the applicable definitions in the FDA Identity Standard, the labeling of the materials, the name and place of the producer, packaging or distributor, the net weight, and, where appropriate, the labeling of the nutrients.
Consumer information
Public water systems are needed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide households in their service areas with Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs) that provide information about their water quality over the previous year. Such disclosure is not required by the FDA of food or beverage packaging products, including bottled water. All packaged food and beverages must be produced in accordance with FDA regulations and must comply with all applicable quality and safety standards.
In Canada, bottled water must meet the standards in the Food and Drug Act & amp; Regulation (FDAR) because it is considered as food. FDAR works in partnership with Health Canada and Canada in developing a policy on bottled water. CFIA focuses more on regulations relating to packaging, labeling, advertising, and other safety practices, while FDAR focuses more on the water itself. For example, bottled water must comply with the Regulation of the Food Supervisory Agency (CFIA) in Division 12, Part B of the Act must be fulfilled before it is approved for sale. Some rules include: labeling terms, security standards (ie: what/not acceptable), and microbiology standards (ie: chlorine). In addition, the type of water filtration method that has been passed must be indicated on the label, as listed in Section B.12.009 Additional regulatory information can be found on the CFIA website. Specific rules for bottled water are in Divisions 12 and 15, which determine what can be added, such as the amount of arsenic and lead. The rules are always updated to fit new scientific data, laws, new products, and new improvements. In the case of the type of water sold, springs and mineral water must meet the following criteria:
- comes from an underground source that is not part of the community water supply; and
- naturally suitable for drinking (drunk) at the source; and
- before bottling, is not treated in any way that alters the original chemical composition of water. (Allowed treatments are covered in section 1.2.)
In Canada, there are two categories of bottled water: 1) springs/mineral water, or 2) water other than mineral water or springs.
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness refers to steps taken before a natural disaster or emergency to ensure safety during the event. The American Red Cross and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends that individuals and families maintain disaster supply kits if an emergency disrupts food supplies or public water systems, blocks roads, or leaves people unable to find out what matters. After disasters such as floods, snowstorms, or earthquakes, water sources can be cut or contaminated, limiting access to safe and clean drinking water. For this reason, FEMA recommends that all disaster supply kits include one gallon of water per person per day for at least three days for drinking and sanitation. In hot climates, FEMA recommends doubling this amount.
For water supplies, FEMA recommends commercial bottled water stored in a cool, dark place. Alternatively, FEMA recommends using disinfected water-grade water containers to store tap water and replace water every six months.
Bottled water in emergency response
Hurricanes
After Hurricane Sandy, FEMA requested 5.4 million bottles of water from Nestle North America to assist disaster relief efforts. Nestle donated 3 million bottles of water to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, FEMA requested 100 bottles of tractor water bottles (about 200,000 cases) from the American Beverage Association.
Tornado
AmeriCares, international non-profit disaster aid, donated 109,000 bottles of water to residents in and around Moore, Oklahoma after the May 2013 tornado. Members of the International Water Association donated more than 400,000 additional bottles of water to the victims of tornadoes.
Contamination
In August 2014, city officials in Toledo, Ohio banned local tap water after toxins from algae bloom on Lake Erie were found in the city's water supply. The American Red Cross and AmeriCares responded by helping to coordinate the distribution of bottled water to the 500,000 residents affected by the ban.
Worries
The bottled water debate
Bottled water is purchased for various reasons including taste, comfort, poor tap water quality and safety issues, health problems and as a substitute for sugary drinks. Environmental impacts, container safety, water supply, emergency supplies and the role of the bottled water industry continue to be a concern for many.
Most bottled water bottles are made of recyclable PET plastic, and some of these bottles end up in waste streams in landfills. The financial and environmental costs of bottled water transport have become another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of carbon dioxide and the potential impacts on climate change.
In some cases it can be shown that bottled water is actually tap water. However, it is also said that the quality specifications for some bottled water in some jurisdictions are tighter than the standards for tap water. In the US, bottled water originating from municipal suppliers should be clearly labeled as such unless it has been processed sufficiently to be labeled as "distilled" or "refined".
It has been argued that bottled water companies may only exist for emergency situations when public water supplies are unsafe, unavailable or overwhelmed. The opposite view is that if regulations are placed on the availability of bottled water, the bottled water company will not have sufficient supplies when the water system is disrupted, and that the only reason the bottled water is available during an emergency is because the industry is maintained. with regular purchases.
One study in the United States shows that "even in areas with safe tap water, African Americans, Americans and Latinos, Latinos are three times more likely to feed their children a large bottle of water compared to non- Latin, because of their belief that bottled water is safer, cleaner, more comfortable, or more comfortable. "This economic implication also points to a serious injustice: as a percentage of household income, whites reported an average expenditure of 0.4% their income on bottled water; African Americans and Latinos reported average spending more than twice as high. "The study provides some difficulties," For poor families, the use of bottled water can lead to a lack of availability of resources for other health needs....... by a rather conspicuous level of expenditure on water relative to household income. "On a global scale, bottled water markets in poorer developing countries are growing rapidly due to increasing concerns about" contaminated tap water, inadequate municipal water systems, and increased marketing in parts of bottled water companies. "Sales of bottled water in Mexico, China and parts of India are rising sharply.
Perception of bottled water
Bottled water is considered by many to be a safer alternative to other water sources such as tap water. Use of bottled drinking water increases even in countries that have clean tap water. This may be due to consumers who do not like the taste of tap water or organoleptic. Another factor contributing to this shift is the successful marketing of bottled water. The success of bottled water marketing can be seen by Perrier's transformation of a bottle of water into a status symbol. However, while bottled water has grown in both consumption and sales, the cost of industrial advertising is much lower than other beverages. According to Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC), by 2013, the bottled water industry spends $ 60.6 million on advertising. That same year, sports drinks cost $ 128 million, soda spends $ 564 million, and beer spends $ 1 billion.
Consumers tend to choose bottled water for health-related reasons. In communities experiencing problems with their tap water, bottled water consumption is significantly higher. The International Drinking Water Association's Guidelines state that bottled water companies can not compare their products with tap water in marketing operations. Consumers are also affected by memories associated with a particular brand. For example, Coca-Cola took their Dasani products from the UK market after finding higher levels of bromate than legal standards because consumers in the UK attributed this deficiency to Dasani products.
"Bottled water sales are higher among African-American, Asian and Hispanic groups, which typically have lower incomes than whites." Some people hypothesize that this difference is due to the geographical distribution of ethnic groups. It theorizes that ethnic differences in bottled water use "reflect the variability of water quality systems between urban, suburban and rural areas (Abrahams et al. 2000) and it also suggests that they may reflect the memory of past problems caused by the lack of a tap water system in (Olson 1999). "In France, similar geography studies in the early 1970s found that bottled water consumption was found to be much higher in urban areas (Ferrier 2001). These findings "are also explained in terms of poor urban tap water quality and poor tin pipeline conditions in French cities, but while poor tap water quality can motivate people to seek alternative sources, that alone does not necessarily lead to consumption higher bottled water. "
Some surveys "found that bottled water, far from an alternative to tap water, appears to be largely consumed in lieu of traditional and alcoholic soft drinks (eg AWWA-RF 1993; FWR 1996) - except when water contamination becomes serious, health risks and firm confidence tap water is severely eroded (eg Lonnon 2004). "Another explanation for the increasing popularity of bottled water is an alternative explanation that" the consumption of 'pure' and 'natural' bottled water in degraded environments can represent symbolic cleansing behavior. "
Many low-income families avoid drinking tap water because they fear it can cause illness. Bottled water, filters, and tap water are all safe for most in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency's regulation for tap water is actually more stringent than the Food and Drug Administration regulations for bottled water. " A study of drinking water in Cincinnati, Ohio, found that the number of bacteria in bottled water is often higher than that in tap water and the concentration of fluoride is inconsistent.
Globally, there are environmental reactions that intensify against the use of bottled water. As global consumption of bottled water soars, environmental groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Greenpeace have warned of the enormous environmental footprint of the plastics in which the water is packaged.
In 2001, a WWF study, "Bottled water: understanding a social phenomenon," warns that in many countries bottled water may not be safer or healthier than tap water and sold up to 1,000 times the price. It is said that booming markets will put heavy pressure on plastic recycling and can cause landfill sites to sink in the mountains of plastic bottles. Also, the study found that bottled water production uses more water than consumers actually buy in the bottle itself.
Pricing
Bottled drinking water is more expensive than the tap water provided in the city. Water sources and delivery systems (faucets and faucets) are installed in place while bottled water is available at many different price points and in various size formats.
"The consumption of bottled water and sieves has increased dramatically in the United States over the last decade, with sales of bottled water tripling to about $ 4 billion a year.Over 50% of the US population drink bottled water and 'people spend from 240 to more than 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than they usually do for tap water. 'The annual bottled water supply for people consuming eight glasses a day would cost about $ 200, the same amount of tap water would cost about $ 0.33 In general, women are more likely to drink bottled water than men, and Hispanic women are the group most likely to drink bottled water. "
The Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) states that by 2013, the average wholesale price per gallon of non-glitter domestic water bottles is $ 1.21. BMC research also shows that consumers actually tend to buy large amounts of bottled water from supermarkets (25.3%) or large discount retailers (57.9%) because the cost is much cheaper. All-purpose stores are likely to have higher prices (4.5%), just like drugstores (2.8%). The remaining 9.5% is recorded through vending machines, cafeterias and other food outlets, and other types of sales.
Prohibition
In response to environmental and financial issues, some regions and US colleges prohibit the sale of bottled water.
In 2009, a small town in New South Wales, Bundanoon, chose to be the first city in the world to ban the sale or discharge of bottled water. Bundanoon attracts the attention of many other cities around the world.
After a Sydney-based beverage company wants to open a water extraction plant in the town of New South Wales, Bundanoon, residents ban the sale of bottled water. City continues to fight corporate proposals in court. "That same week, the New South Wales state prime minister also banned all state departments and agencies from buying bottled water because of their enormous environmental footprint, joining more than 70 cities across the United States, Canada and Britain that have banned bottled water in their department. "
In 2012, the city of Concord, Massachusetts became the first in the United States to ban the sale of bottled water. Specifically, sales of non-luminous and non-flavored drinking water in Polyethelyne terephthalate (PET) bottles of 1 liter (34 ounces) or less is prohibited. The ban takes effect on January 1, 2013.
Health issues
In the United States, bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the quality of tap water. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act EPA has established maximum contaminant levels for approximately 90 contaminants that may be found in drinking water and 15 secondary secondary contaminant levels.
In some areas, tap water may contain additional fluoride, which helps prevent tooth decay and cavities. Some bottled water manufacturers in the United States add fluoride to their products, or provide fluoridated bottled water products. The US Food and Drug Administration does not require bottled water manufacturers to include fluoride content on the label. However, unlike tap water where the amount of fluoride added by the municipality to drinking water is not regulated federally, the FDA has set a specific limit for how much fluoride can be found in bottled water. Fluoridation of water remains controversial in countries that need it (United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia and some other countries). Several studies have examined the content of fluoride and other chemicals in bottled water as well as its accuracy. of these values ​​as they appear on the label indicating some significant differences between labeled and measured values.
According to a 1999 NRDC study, in which about 22 percent of brands were tested, at least one bottled water sample contained chemical contaminants at levels above strict state health limits. Some of the contaminants found in this study may pose a health risk if taken for long periods of time. The NRDC report acknowledges that "most water does not contain detectable bacteria, however, and the level of synthetic organic chemicals and inorganic chemicals of concern that they are tested is below the detection limit or well below all applicable standards." Meanwhile, a report by the Drinking Water Research Foundation found that of all samples tested by the NRDC, "the federal FDA or EPA limit is supposedly exceeded only four times, twice for total coliform and twice for fluoride."
Studies show that the plastic used for bottles contains chemicals that have estrogenic activity, even when they claim otherwise. Although some bottled water contained in glasses are found to be contaminated with chemicals as well, the researchers believe some of the water contamination in plastic containers may come from plastic containers. The release of chemicals into the water is related to plastic bottles exposed to low or high temperatures.
A recent study found that most bottled water contains microplastic. After this, the World Health Organization has launched a review on the safety of microplastic drinking. Analysis of some of the most popular bottled water brands in the world found that over 90% contain small plastic pieces
Security
There has been no major epidemic or serious safety issues associated with bottled water in the past decade, an FDA official has testified before the Congressional hearing on 9 July 2009. Conversely, as stated in the 2013 Water Drink Research Foundation (DWRF) report, Risk Microbial Health from Drinking Water Organized in the United States , EPA researchers report about 16.4 million cases of acute gastrointestinal diseases per year are caused by tap water. Subsequent studies estimated that the number of illnesses became closer to 19.5 million cases per year. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that waterborne diseases, such as Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis, burden the US health care system as much as $ 539 million per year for hospital costs.
Bottled water versus carbonated beverage
Uncategorized carbonated drinking water competes in the market with carbonated beverages (including carbonated water) sold in individual plastic bottles. Water consumption is often considered a healthy substitute for soda.
According to the Container Recycling Institute, sales of non-carbonated beverages are expected to exceed soda sales in 2010. In response, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have introduced a new carbonated beverage enriched with vitamins and minerals, Diet Coke Plus and Tava, marketed as "sparkling drinks."
Bottled water versus tap water
Bottled water may have reduced the amount of copper, lead, and other metal contaminants since they do not flow through the plumbing where tap water is exposed to metal corrosion; However, this varies by household and pipeline systems.
In many developed countries, chlorine is often added as a disinfectant to tap water. If water contains organic matter, it can produce other byproducts in water such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid, which has been shown to increase the risk of cancer. The residual levels of chlorine were found to be about 0.0002 g per liter, which is too small to cause immediate health problems. The chlorine concentrations recommended by the World Health Organization are between 0.0005 and 0.0002 g/L.
The Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and World Wildlife Fund have urged their supporters to consume less bottled water. Campaigns and anti-bottle water organizations, such as Corporate Accountability International, usually argue that bottled water is no better than tap water, and emphasizes the adverse environmental side effects of disposable plastic bottles.
In the 2003 episode of the Showtime series Penn & amp; Teller: Nonsense! , restaurant diners do not seem to be able to distinguish between bottled water and water from the garden hose behind the restaurant.
The latest documentary Tapped is against the bottled water industry, confirming that tap water is healthier, more environmentally friendly, and more environmentally friendly than bottled water. The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States. The film received positive reviews, and has spawned campus groups like Beyond the Bottle. However, as many people are generally unaware of the negative health and environmental impacts associated with bottled water, a recent study in environmental psychology has begun to investigate how to reduce bottled water consumption by communities.
See also
- Canned water
- Drinking Water Association in International Package
- List of brands of bottled water
- Reusing water bottles
References
Further reading
- Arnold, Emily; Larsen, Janet (February 2, 2006). "Update Plan B - 51: Bottled Water - Pouring Resources Down the Disposal". Earth Policy Institute.
- Gleick, Peter (May 5, 2010). Bottle and Sale: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water . Shearwater. ISBN 978-1-59726-528-7. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011.
- United States. Congress. Home. Committee on Energy and Trade. Subcommittee on Trade, Commerce and Consumer Protection. Bottled Water Regulations: Hearing before the Trade, Trade and Consumer Subcommittee of the Energy and Commerce Committee, House of Representatives, Hundred Eleven Congresses, First Session, 8 July 2009.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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