shift plan , rota â € or roster (especially English) is a major component of the shift schedule in shift work. Schedule includes consideration of overlapping shifts, change of time change and alignment with hours, holidays, training, shift differences, holidays, etc. The plan shift determines the working order (W) and the free days (F) in the shift system.
Video Shift plan
Notation
The notation used often identifies the day (D), swing (S) and night (N) shifts for W and O (off) days for rest days.
- W
- business days
- D
- day shift, first shift, initial shift
- This shift often occurs from 06:00 or 07:00 to 14:00 or 15:00 for an eight-hour shift, and from 06:00 to 18:00 for twelve hours shift.
- S
- swing shift, 2nd shift, late shift
- This shift often takes place from 14:00 or 15:00 to 22:00 or 23:00 for an eight hour shift, and is not used with twelve hour shifts.
- N
- night shift, 3rd shift, grave displacement
- This shift often takes place from 22:00 or 23:00 to 06:00 or 07:00 for eight-hour shifts, and from 6pm to 6pm for twelve-hour shifts.
- F
- free day
- O
- holidays
- This is defined as the day on which the shift does not start.
Note that workers who switch from N to O work for the first six or seven hours of the first day "off". So, when the day off after the night shift, the first day or more "holiday", in fact, the days of recovery from lack of sleep at night. Note also that this daily notation refers to the beginning of the shift. If the shift starts at 23:00, then this is the W day even if only one hour worked. The day after this shift is the F day if there is no shift starting on this day, even though many hours have been working from midnight.
One shift system can allow many shift plans. For example, a twelve hour system, 2 n W: 2 n F with n = 1 allows twelve different plans in three identical-series set. In one set, DONO has the same sequence as NODO. DNOO is the preferred sequence because the holidays follow the night work and there are two days in a row.
Maps Shift plan
3-day shift plan
The US Navy uses a three-shift system of 18 hours a day instead of 24 hours a day. The 24 hour period is divided into four shifts: 00: 00-06: 00, 06: 00-12: 00, 12: 00-18: 00, and 18: 00-00: 00. A sailor stands watching their shift. During off shift there is time to do maintenance, learn to qualify and handle collateral tasks. During the time the sailor has time to sleep, relax, and perform personal tasks, such as laundry.
This does not apply to installed aircraft wings, which will work on a schedule of 12 on, 12 off <7 days a week.
Submarine sailors in the US Navy use a plan known as six when it's underway. The vessel operates on an 18 hour schedule. Someone is scheduled to stay awake for 6 hours, do other tasks and engage in free time for 6 hours, then sleep for 6 hours. With sufficient personnel, a given watchstation may benefit from a fourth person (midnight cowboys ). He will be standing at 6 o'clock in the same hour within 24 hours, usually from midnight to 6 o'clock (hence the midnight part of the name, often shortened to cowboy ) and free normal watchstander. This raises a schedule of six, twelve off, six on, thirty off, six on, twelve off.
4-day transition plan
In plans <12/24/12/48 or 12/24 , employees work in shifts 12 hours; first "daily shift" (eg 06:00 to 18:00), followed by 24 hours of rest, then "night shift" (18:00 to 06:00), ends with 48 hours of rest. This plan requires four teams for full coverage, and keeps an average of 42 hours. This pattern repeats in a 4-week cycle, which is more than 28 days, and has 14 shifts per employee in it.
5-day shift plan
In four on, one of employees get only one day off. There are 28 shifts per employee in the five-week cycle (ie 35 days), this adds up to an average of 48 working hours per week with an 8 hour shift. This plan is mainly adopted by an industry where companies prefer to work for all days of the week with four shifts and where legislation does not let employees work for 12 hours a day for several days.
6-day shift plan
In four on, two off employees get two days off. There are 28 shifts per employee in the six-week cycle (ie 42 days), this adds up to an average of 56 working hours per week with 12-hour shifts, or 37 1 >/ 3 hours per week with an 8 hour shift. Three groups are required for each time span, ie to cover all days and weeks the company needs 6 groups for 12 hour shifts or 9 groups for 8 hour shifts. This plan is primarily adopted by industries where employees are not involved in much physical activity.
Week shift package
Three-shift
The three-shift system is the most common plan for five 24-hour days per week. The "first shift" often runs from 06:00 to 14:00, "second shift" or "shift swing" from 14:00 to 22:00 and "third shift" or "night shift" from 22:00 until 6:00. : 00, but the shift also has different lengths to accommodate the workload, for example 7, 8 and 9 or 6, 8 and 10 hours. To provide 24/7 coverage, employees have days off ("weekends") on different days.
All shifts have desirable and less desirable qualities. The first shift was very early, so the time in the previous night was very short. The second shift occupies a time where many people finish work and socialize. The third shift creates a situation where employees have to sleep during the day.
Generally, permanent employees with the same shift for a certain period of time, compared to cycling through them; this looks healthier.
To provide overlapping in shifts, some entrepreneurs may require one shift to work four shifts of 10 hours per week (compared with five 8-hour shifts, both of which are 40 hours per week). In that scenario, the night shift may be extended from 21:00 until 07:00, but the night shift will have nearly four days off (86 hours) between working weeks. This change, along with the first shift moving half an hour later, or seconds moving half an hour earlier, ensures at least half an hour of overlap between shifts, which may be desirable if the business is open to the public to ensure that customers continue to be served during shift changes.
Some states, such as California, accommodate this arrangement by allowing employees to be paid at their regular rates (as opposed to half-time, or overtime, which is usually required at any time for 8 hours) for a 10-hour shift, calling it an "alternative work day".
In four on, three off , every employee works four days and gets a three-day weekend. For some types of manufacturing, this is a win-win arrangement. For example, a paint company has made 3 batches of paint per day, Monday through Friday (3 ÃÆ'â € "5 = 15). They changed to make 4 batches of paint, Monday through Thursday (4 ÃÆ'â € "4 = 16). Total worker hours remain the same, but profit increases. Instead of two additional hours per day, over 4 days, workers get additional days off each week. See also his book, 4 Days, 40 Hours .
Continental Package
The Continental Plan , adopted primarily in Central Europe, is a rapidly changing three-shift system that normally works for seven consecutive days, after which employees are given breaks, eg. 3 am, 2 pm and then 2 nights.
24 * 7 shift
In the 24/7 plan there are 24 shifts sequentially 7 hours per week, thus covering 24/7. With 4 groups and 6 shifts per group, work time is 42 hours per week. Some sub-patterns are possible, but usually each group is responsible for one of four time slots per day. Each is 6 hours long and if the shift starts in their time slot, the group must do it. In this way there are 14, 21 or 42 hours of rest between shifts, each group gets a full day off. Shifts can be exchanged to make two shifts and increase minimum rest time.
Split shift
Shift split is used primarily in the catering, transportation, hotel, and hospitality industries. The waiter and the chef work for four hours in the morning (to prepare and serve lunch), then four hours in the evening (for dinner). The average working day of a chef on a split shift can be from 10:00 to 14:00 and then 17:00 to 21:00
Earlies and lates
Earlies and lates are used primarily in industries such as customer service (help desk, phone support), department store, child care (child care), and other businesses that require coverage greater than the average of 09: 00-17: 00 working days in the UK, but no 24/7 coverage either. Employees work in two mostly overlapping shifts, such as early shift from 08.00 to 16.00 and soluble shift from 10:00 to 18:00
In a business where two shifts are required to close the day, earlies and lates can be combined with one double shift per week per worker. Six shifts of 7 hours in five days and seven shifts of 6 hours in six days both yield 42 hours per week.
28 hours per day
A 6-day week with 28 hours per "day" is a general concept for full week coverage where 168 hours per week are grouped differently. This can be used as a basis for some shift plans, eg. four shifts of 7 hours per day where each employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week.
21 hours per day
An 8-day week with 21 hours per "day" is a common concept for full week coverage where 168 hours per week are grouped differently. This can be used as a basis for some shift plans, eg. three shifts of 7 hours per day where each employee works six shifts for a total of 42 hours per week, but to get group holidays working alternately double shifts.
8-day switch plan
Four, four of are shifting plans that are being tightly adopted in Britain and in parts of the United States. An employee works for four days, usually in a 12 hour shift (7:00 to 7:00) and then has four days off. While this creates "48 hours a week" (an average of 42 hours throughout the year) with long shifts, it may be preferable because it shrinks four business weeks, and then gives employees a four-day break - twice the time of a typical weekend. Because of the plan, employees effectively work a week and eight days, and the days they work vary with "weeks". Like the three-shift system, most employees keep using the same shift rather than cycling through it.
Such a shift is popular within the Australian ambulance and fire sector, see 2-2-4. But it is often referred to as a list of tenteen, because the day shift lasts for ten hours, with night shifts lasting fourteen. The extension of the night shift like this often becomes a double-edged sword; in one hand the crew on a slower night shift, or those in low-demand areas will receive an excellent resting rate (when there is no call for emergency services, the crew is encouraged to rest if necessary). Conversely, those who are hired on days of high demand such as weekend nights, or in areas with very high demand, will often be asked to get up or work for their entire roster roster. However, due to its scheduled nature, most of the ambulance workers and firefighters can try to get enough rest before or after a hectic 14 hour night shift.
Variations of the four packages on, four off is a two-day, two night, four off action plan. In this shift schedule, employees work a 12-hour shift from 06:00 to 18:00 on the afternoon shift and from 18:00 to 06:00 at night. This plan is currently used by HM Coastguard in the UK, and employs four separate teams to maintain coverage 24/7.
10-day shift plan
Package 6 on, 4 off is commonly used in British police forces. The working pattern consists of 2 initial shifts, 2 late shifts, 2 night shifts and 4 days off. The last 9-10 hour shift, making some overlap between 5 teams.
12 day shift plan
Package 6 on, 6 off consists of 3 days and 3 working nights, then 6 days off. It will alternate between the other crew, also known as the team, for full 24/7 operation. The 12-day pattern repeats in a twelve-week cycle, which is 84 days.
Night shift planning
Panama Schedule
The Panama plan follows the 2-2-3 pattern throughout the two weeks, where shift workers are generally allowed every Friday, Saturday, and other Sundays, with two additional days off during the week, although this may differ depending on the organization and industry. The most common form uses four shifts, each working twelve hours, with two shifts commonly paired together: Weekdays and B work nights while C and D are off, and vice versa. Not infrequently there is a shift to alternate between day and night, most often with six months spent for the night and six days. This shift is sometimes known as 2-2-3 or "two, two and three".
plan two weeks 7 days
In the plan of the 7 day two week plan or 2-3-2 , employees work their hours in 7 days instead of 10 in two weeks, ie fourteen days and nights. Therefore, 41 hours per week is equivalent to 82 hours per two weeks, which works in seven days, at 11-12 hours per shift. This shift structure is used in the broadcast television industry, as well as many law enforcement agencies, as well as areas of health care such as nursing and clinical laboratories in the US.
One of the advantages of using this plan is that each shift partner, such as A and B, will get a weekend break or because of a fixed schedule and not float.
two-week plan for 10 days
Plan 10 days two weeks using six shifts. Each shift works for seven days in a row for their first week. On their "holiday week", they can choose three days to come, to support other non-shifting departments, fill in gaps in coverage, or participate in training.
Five and two
Packs five and two or 3-2-2 provide 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts for two weeks. The average hour is 42 per week but contains a 60 hour week which can be challenging.
5/4/9s
5/4/9 or Five/Four Nines is a mix of 5 days and 4 weekdays. Employees work in a two-week cycle. Week 1, employees work 4 days 9 hours followed by 1 day 8 hours with 2 days off (ie 44 hours). Week 2, employees work 4 days 9 hours with 3 days off (ie 36 hours).
Like 8 hours a day for 5 days a week, this plan works for 80 hours in a two-week payment period. Because employees work for nine days per cycle, this plan is also referred to as 9/80 . The benefit of working an extra hour a day gives you a normal 2-day weekend followed by the next 3-day long weekend. The typical shift for this type of shift is from 06:00 to 15:30 (9 hours with lunch 30 minutes) and 06:00 to 14:30 (8 hours with lunch 30 minutes) on weekdays 8 hours. Often the employer will change the start time (for example, starting at 07:00 or 08:00).
Variations, weekends or 4Ã,½ days a week , have employees working every Friday, but only for 4 hours each. Their weekend begins with a Friday lunch break.
Long-term shift plan
DuPont 12-hour rotation plan
The DuPont 12-hour spinning plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12 hour shifts while giving a week off. The average hour is 42 per week but contains 72 hours a week which can be challenging. It is used in some manufacturing industries in the US. Companies that have followed this schedule have seen a decrease in accidents plus more breaks for employees, fewer incoming calls, and more coverage when crews are armed. On all schedules designed to improve safety. The special advantage of this plan is that the program can be easily changed to meet business requirements. For example, if fewer coverage is required on Sundays, stand-alone shifts are avoided by scheduling the fourth night and the first day of the four days. It also has the added benefit of a fast turnaround day between three day and night shifts that also fall on Sundays.
To balance payouts in 36 and 48 hours a week, many US companies shift Dupont's Schedule so that the seven-day break period ends on Friday Night.
To allow 3 full days after the turn of the night, holidays between three days and three nights are removed. This example makes it possible to recover the day after 3 nights before the weekend and for some workers more appropriate work/life balance.
The eight-day eight-hour rotation plan
The eight-day eight-hour turnover plan provides 24/7 coverage using an 8 hour shift with 5 crew. It consists of "morning shift" from 07:00 to 15:00, "swing sway" from 15:00 until 22:30 and "night shift" from 22:30 until 07:30. Each shift works for five days in a row. The 8 hour shift allows holiday and absenteeism to be covered by dividing multiple shifts or work shifts. The afternoon shift run is 56 hours, but the 8 hour shift provides time for some socialization after work.
This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely superseded by 8 days, 8 swings, 5 nights, 9 dies, 8 hours of rotation.
Graveyard Shift
A grave shift, a night shift, or a third shift means a shift of work that runs through the early hours of the morning, especially shifts starting around midnight. The origin of this phrase is uncertain. According to Michael Quinion it is "an evocative term for night shift... when... your skin is damp, there is sand behind your eyeballs, and the world is secretly silent, like a grave."
In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that cemetery removals would be listed as causing "possible" cancer.
On-call
Call-based employees do not have a regular schedule. They agree as working conditions to be reported to work when they are called, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is very common in American railroad jobs, especially for rail crews.
Fire fighting schedule
In many departments, firefighters work for 24 hours. They are authorized to sleep at the fire station at night but still have to be contacted for the whole shift service. Most departments divide a 168-hour-long week between 3 or 4 working groups (sometimes referred to as 'shifts' or 'platoon groups'), resulting in 56 or 42 hour work hours, respectively. Some departments reduce the average working hours by scheduling an extra day off for each firefighter in the work group, often reducing the working hours of 56 hours to 48 hours by scheduling 24 hours of "Kelly Day" every three weeks. The department has many options for scheduling firefighters for coverage. One option is 24 on/48 off, where firefighters will work 24 hours and have 48 hours off, regardless of the day of week or holiday. Often they will be scheduled in the A-B-C pattern. Thus, a firefighter will be assigned to A, B or C shift and work whenever the letter is on the calendar.
Most departments have found that a 24-hour work shift, with opportunistic sleep between calls to services, is a legitimate way to avoid some of the health and cognitive problems associated with shift work.
The three-platoon schedule
The most basic three-platoon timetable is a direct rotation of the 24-hour shift between three platoon groups. This rotation rests rest periods of up to 48 consecutive hours, less than 66 consecutive hours performed by most workers every weekend. Workers on this schedule only get one short weekend every three weeks. The twenty-four hour holiday is also the minimum required to fully recover from an acute sleep deficit period.
Another option is known as the California scroll, where several turns will be nearby but allow for some days off. This option provides a 96-hour break every 9th day, which is adjacent to the conventional weekend on two of the nine weekends, with the third weekend giving a pause starting on Saturday morning. There is an opportunity to accumulate sleep debt for three business days, but this debt should be completely removed during the four day break. Nine days of repeating rota to fill the calendar.
An extinguisher will work 24 hours, 24 off, 24 on, 24 off, 24 on, 96 hours (4 days) off.
This rotation reduces the chronic sleep deficit that occurs during the first two working days at the expense of shorter rest periods. This long break schedule coincides with a standard weekend exactly every nine weeks. The four day break can be maintained by working the fourth day in rotation - XOXOOXOXOOOO.
A firefighter will work one day, one, work one, two, one work, four days.
A number of departments have investigated further work consolidation by enabling a 48 hour work shift. Careful demand management will be required to avoid acute sleep deficits, however, firefighters must return to work fully recovered from previous shifts.
Kenneth B. Ellerbe, head of the Columbia Fire and Emergency Service Office, has proposed a schedule where firefighters work for three days, followed by three night shifts, followed by three day off. It is likely that such a schedule will impact all four vigilance factors associated with shift work, and result in threats to public safety. This will result in a single pause that coincides with a standard weekend every nine weeks. DDDNNNOOODDDNNNOOO
The four-platoon schedule
The most basic four-platoon timetable is the direct rotation of a 24-hour work shift between four working groups or platoons. This schedule works 48 hours per week for three weeks and 24 hours the fourth week, averaging 42 hours per week.
Another variation of the 24-hour shift schedule is a 4-platoon system, averaging 42 hours/week. Thus, the schedule is 24 on, 48 off, 24 on, 96 off, on 4 day rotation.
Although the benefits of shorter shift performance may not exceed the cost of successive nightly performance, some departments with four platoon groups are working shorter shifts. Most departments work 10 hours a day and 14-hour night tours. This allows firefighters to be freed from work in the afternoons, commuting to home, spending time with family, and sleeping well before returning to work in the morning. Schedule that only allows 12 hours, or less, between work shifts does not allow enough time to enter a healthy night's sleep, and therefore begins to accumulate a sleep deficit even when the employee is working for days.
On schedule 2-2-4 , firefighters work two days 10 hours, two nights 14 hours, and then have four days holiday. In the Canadian Fire Department study, consecutive nights proved more damaging to performance than one, long shift. After two consecutive nights, performance effectiveness decreased to 75%, vs 78% on 24-hour shift. If the schedule causes a sleep deficit during the afternoon shift, this performance will be worse. This long break schedule parallels the conventional weekend for exactly two weeks out of eight.
Rota is: DDNNOOOO.
Schedule 2-2-3 is also known as the Panama Schedule, however, when firefighters work on it, rotation turns from day to day to night between each break. Because firefighters have a two-day break before each night at work, they do not start a night-time series with work-related sleep deficits. They work three nights in a row, which will result in a chronic sleep deficit if alarms are received on every night, however, the third night is always Sunday night, which is often less busy than the other nights of the week. This schedule allows for long breaks every other weekend.
Rota are: DDOONNN OODDOOO NNOODDD OONNOOO
See also
- Eight hours a day
- The Soviet calendar, which first used the plan 5 days and then 6 days
- Shift split
- Gantt chart
- On call shift
References
Further reading
- Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'Schedule Book', 'ISBN 978-1-4392-2674-2'.
- Miller, James C. (2013) 'Fundamentals of Shift Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid', Smashwords ,.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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